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Urinary - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ducts fuse together and deliver urine
        
        urine enters into minor calyx via papillae
  - - - responsive to hormones, aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
        
        responsible for maintaining body's water and sodium level content
    - - both specialized in epithelial cells
        
        help regulate urine pH and blood pH
  - - - short nephron loop just penetrating the medulla
      - 85% nephrons
    - - long nephron loops extending deep into medulla
      - play important role in kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine
        
        via water concentration tactic
- - - - renal cortex- filters blood and removes unwanted substances out of the body
        
        renal medulla- innermost part of kidney; contains structures of nephrons responsible for maintaining salt and water balance in blood
        
        renal pyramid-where urine is produced
        
        renal column
        
        reanal papillae
        
        minor calyx- converge to form a Major C in which urine passes
        
        1 more item...
  - - - muscles help keep urine from leaking around the opening of the bladder
    - - alert when it is time to urinate/ empty the bladder
- - - - Afferent arteriole: blood enters
      - Efferent arteriole: blood exits
    - - has 3 layers
        
        Interal permeable visceral layer
        
        directly overlies glomerular capillaries
        
        External impermeable parietal layer
        
        composed of simple epithelium
        
        capsular space between two layers
        
        receives filtrate, modified to form urine
  - - - first region of renal tubule
      - lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
      - has microvilli increasing surface area and re-absorption capacity
    - - lining changes from simple cuboidal epithelium (thick) to simple squamous (thin) & back to ^^^
      - contains descending and ascending limbs
    - - lined by simple cuboidal epithelium without microvilli
- - - - water and solutes enter capsular space of renal carpuscle
        
        due to pressure differences across the filtration membrane
  - - - move by diffusion, osmosis, or active transport
      - all vital solutes and most water is re-absorbed
      - excess solutes, waste products, some water remaining in tubular fluid
  - - - usually by active transport
      - materials moved selectively into tubules to be excreted
- - - - leading cause of chronic renal disease
      - vascular disease, renal artery stenosis, affects afferent and efferent arterioles,
  - - - affects entire body, leads to impaired blood flow to organs
        
        the higher the blood pressure the greater chance of heart attacks, heart failure, stroke and kidney disease
  - - - once destroyed will not function again
- - - - hyperparathyroidism, cushing syndrome,hypogonadism, hyperthyroidism, prolactinoma, acromegaly, osteomalacia
    - - multiple myeloma, sickle-cell disease, thalassemia minor, leukemia, lymphoma, polycythemia vera
    - - osteogenesis imperfecta, homocystinuria
    - - chronic kidney disease, renal tubular acidosis, hypercalciuria
    - - malabsorption, totoal parenteral nutrition
    - - gastrectomy, primary biliary cirrhosis, celiac disease
    - - glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, heprain
    - - turner syndrome, klinefelter syndrome
- - - - high blood pressure
      - chronic renal disease
    - - uremia- blood in urine
        
        due to ionic and hormonal imbalances, metabolic abnormalities and accumulation of various toxic molecules that interfere with normal metabolism