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Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450 CE - 1750 CE) - Coggle Diagram
Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450 CE - 1750 CE)
Technological Innovation
Transportation
Caravel
it allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships.
a small three-mastered sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century.
Lateen Sails
a sail that was in the shape of a triangle
used by Arab sailors in the Indian Ocean
could catch the wind on either side of the ship allowing it to travel in different directions
when used with the square sails, sailors could travel successfully in large bodies of water
Square Sails
allowed ships to sail only in a single direction and had to be used with the wind
Navigation
Magnetic Compass
helped steer a ship in the right direction
originally created in China for fortune telling.
Cartography
along with knowledge of current and wind patterns helped improve navagation
Astronomical Chart
a map of the stars and galaxy
mariners relied on these maps before the compass using the skies to determine their location
was typically divided by grids
Astrolabe
improved by Muslim navigators in the 12th century
let sailors find how far north or south they were from the equator
Gravity
Newton's discovery of gravity increased knowledge of the tides
as a result, sailors could reliably predict when the depth of water near shore would be decreasing
Maritime Explorations
Portuguese
naval strength got them control over Africa & the Indian Coast
ships were superior & weapons were unmatchable
they had trading posts which were basically supply stations
they used carracks
controlled trade by establishing forts along trading, built post around modern day Brazil.
they had a monopoly on resources, spice trade
Spanish
funded Christopher Columbus' voyage to spread Christianity and to gain more territory.
French
esatblished a colony because of religious motivation
interest sparked after England, Spain, & Portugal
Jaques Cartier made 3 voyages of discovery for France
claimed land that became Canada
Dutch
Henry Hudson explored for them. go see Explorers
British
Jamestown
first permanent English settlement was Jamestown. founded on May 14, 1607
founded by the Virginia Company (~100 members)
named after Elizabeth I. "virgin queen"
there was famine, disease, and NA conflict, caused its failure
1st good export was tobacco
John Rolfe <3 Pocahontas
wanted to to search for gold and silver in the New World
wooden fort in triangle with weapons storage, churches, & multiple houses
winter of 1609 was the "Starving Time" (100+ died). there was cannabalism
Columbian Exchange
he introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the New World, while facilitating the introduction of New World commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World.
Slavery & Labor Systems
Casta System
skin color became significant when determining ones social status
order: Africans < Castas (mixed race ancestry) < Indios ( direct descendents of Native Americans) < Criollos (those of European descent born in the Americas) < Peninsulares (people on on Iberian peninsula)
castas were divided into 3 different subcontinents, mestizos (they we're mix of Spaniard & indigenous people), mulattoes, pardos, and zambos
Atlantic Slave Trade
it resulted in the middle passage which was the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic ocean to the New World
one leg of triangular trade.
became slaves for people in the Americas
half went to the Caribbean and the other half went to Brazil. only about 5% made it to the Americas
Economics
Mercantilism
an economic theory that rejected free trade and promoted government regulation of the economy for the purpose of enhancing state power, defined the economic policy of European colonizing countries.
Joint-Stock Companies 1600-1874
the British East India Company once ruled all of the Indian sub-continent
they had their own army,territory, and a "near-total hold on trade" bc of tea
east indies were home to spices, fabrics, and luxury goods
Spain and Portugal had a monopoly on trade in the far east. Spanish Armanda was defeated in 1588
70,000 punds were invested
relied on factory system, factors were left behind @ trade posts & allowed them to source & negotiate for goods.
the treaty in 1613 with Mughal Emporer Jakangir helped establish its first castle
Explorers
Christopher Columbus
blamed for the destuction of the native people on the islands
October 12, 1492
Vasco de Gama (Portuguese)
he was the first person to sail directly from Europe to India
he took advantage of prevailing winds by sailing down the coast of West Africa
Prince Henry (Portuguese)
originator of the Age of Discovery and the Atlantic Slave Trade
never a sailor or navigator
Henry Hudson
wanted to find "ice-free" passage to Asia, he went to the new world
got a river named after him
Dutch East India Company
Restrictive Policies (Ming China)
sea ban was issued in 1371
private foreign trade was punishable by death
in 1613, maritime trade between the lands north and south of the Yangtze river was prohibited
used as a national defense against pirates
