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An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type II…

- - - - formed from three processes
        
        reabsorption
        
        secretion
        
        filtration
    - - various hormones and metabolites
      - foreign substances
      - cellular waste
  - - - renal corpuscle
        
        composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule
        
        glomerular capsule: has internal permeable visceral layer, external impermeable parietal layer, capsular space between two layers
        
        glomerulus: tangle of capillary loops, glomerular capillaries
      - renal tubule
        
        renal tubule: remaining portion of nephron of three continuous parts
        
        proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
        
        first region of renal tubule
        
        nephron loop
        
        contains descending limb and ascending limb
        
        distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
        
        originates in renal cortex at end of ascending limb and extends to collecting duct
    - - filtration
        
        in glomerular capillaries
        
        water and solutes enter capsular space of renal corpuscle
        
        separated fluid termed filtrate
        
        filtered plasma with certain solutes and minimal amounts of protein
        
        caught within capsular space and funneled into proximal convoluted tubule
        
        blood components exiting renal corpuscle through efferent arteriole
      - reabsorption
        
        return of components from within tubular fluid to blood within peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
        
        move by diffusion, osmosis, or active transport
        
        all vital solutes and most water reabsorbed
      - secretion
        
        movement of solutes from blood to tubular fluid
        
        usually by active transport
        
        materials moved selectively into tubules to be excreted
  - - - body either
        
        resists effects of insulin
        
        or doesn't produce enough
    - - high blood pressure
      - causes damage to heart and blood vessels
    - - disease in which the density of bone is reduced
      - new bone creation doesn't keep up with old bone removal