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Source 2 - Lithium-ion batteries
Lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the greatest electrochemical potential and provides the largest specific energy per weight
rechargeable batteries with lithium as the anode provide very high energy densities, however "cycling produced unwanted dendrites on the anode that could penetrate the separator and cause an electrical short." This would cause the temperatures to rise rapidly and approach lithiums melting point causing thermal runaway, also known as “venting with flame.”
the instability of the lithium metal caused researchers to try with lithium ions instead. "Although lower in specific energy than lithium-metal, Li-ion is safe"
Source 1 - How lithium ion batteries work.
Normal batteries - The ordinary batteries that are supposedly disposable are extremely unsustainable as you cannot recharge them. 'Chemicals inside the battery slowly but systematically break apart and join themselves together to make other chemicals, producing a stream of positively charged particles called ions and negatively charged electrons. The ions move through the battery; the electrons go through the circuit to which the battery's connected, providing electrical energy that drives the flashlight. The only trouble is, this chemical reaction can happen only once and in only one direction: that's why ordinary batteries usually can't be recharged.'
Rechargeable batteries are similar, however it uses different components to create a reversible reaction. 'When the battery is discharging the reactions go one way and the battery gives out power; when the battery is charging, the reactions go in the opposite direction and the battery absorbs power. These chemical reactions can happen hundreds of times in both directions, so a rechargeable battery will typically give you anything from two or three to as much as 10 years of useful life (depending on how often you use it and how well you look after it).'
Source 5 - Extraction of lithium
lithium has become a very important material in our everyday lives.
first the lithium ore gets extracted though miing, it then gets crushed, it will then get transformed into lithium hydroxide andd lithium carbonate,
the demand of lithium hydroxide is expected to grow by 30% per year
Source 6 - Faraday's battery project
source 7 - Faraday's battery project
"The Faraday Institution is the UK’s independent institute for electrochemical energy storage research and skills development. We bring together scientists and industry partners on research projects to reduce battery cost, weight, and volume; to improve performance and reliability; and to develop whole-life strategies including recycling and reuse."
"The Faraday Institution is the research vehicle for the ISCF Faraday Battery Challenge, which comprises a £274m commitment to March 2021 to develop, design and manufacture world-leading batteries in the UK. The programme is split into three separate elements, delivered in parallel, to provide connectivity across research and innovation strands."
Source 3 - The battery issue
Link Title
Pioneer work with the lithium battery began in 1912 under G.N. Lewis but it was not until the early 1970s when the first non-rechargeable lithium batteries became commercially available. lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the greatest electrochemical potential and provides the largest energy density for weight.
Source 4 - The best batteries