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RNA VIRUS 2 - Coggle Diagram
RNA VIRUS 2
TOGAVIRIDAE & FLAVIVIRIDAE
(The Arthropod-borne virus)
The Arthropod-borne virus
Overview
Genus transmitted by bloodsucking vector (arthropods)
Vector acquires lifelong infection
maintained in nature by transovarian and possibly sexual transmission in arthropods
teridiri dari Togaviridae & Flaviviridae
Karakteristik
Togaviridae (Alphavirus)
Spherical
70nm
(+) sense ss RNA, 11-12kb
envelope (+)
replikasi cytoplasm
budding through host cell membranes
Flaviviridae ( Flavivirus)
Spherical
40-60 nm
Positive sense ss RNA, 11 kb
envelope (+)
replikasi cytoplasm
within endoplasmic reticulum
Member Genus
Alphavirus --> Chikunguya virus
Flavivirus --> Dengue & Japanese B encephalitis virus
Patogenesis
In susceptible vertebrate hosts (primary viral multiplication) --> after subcutanous infection (virus replikasi ) --> virus masuk ke pemb. darah (viremia, fever) --> virus replikasi lagi (di monocyte, makrofag, endothelial )--> widespread neuronal degenration induce encephalitis
Clinical Findings
inkubasi (4-12 hari), mild flu, severe headache, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, generalized pains, malaise, severe cases (coma), Jap. B encephalitis, sequelae
Imunitas
permanen setelah infeksi sekali, proteksi involve humoral dan seluler immune respon
Treatment and Control
gk ada spesifik treatment, most efective itu arthropod control dan personal measures, Biological control gk efektif, vaksin nya JBE vaccine, dan prevent sexual transmission of Zika
Diagnosis
Direct detection : virus isolation, animal inoculation, PCR
serology : deteksi antibodi, HI test is the simples, most sensitive methos ELISA, a fourfolds / greater rise
Spesimen: darah, cerebrospinal fluid
BL 3
Japanese B Encephalitis (JBE)
Overview
virus banyak di otak --> pendarahan sedikit, menigngeal infiltration by MN cells, perivascular swelling
inkubasi (4-12 hari)
Symptoms : acute headache, fever, neck-stiffness, sequelae
Transmisi: Nyamuk (Culex & Aedes) dan Tick (Ixodes)
Chikunguya Virus
Overview
mesquito-borne alphavirus
asymptomatic infection are rare
gk ada vaksin
people at risk for more severe disease
Symtoms mulai 3-7 hari setelah digigit nyamuk dan berupa fever and joint pain
jarang buat mati,
joint pain may persist for months
Dengue
Overview
breakbone fever, causes by Flavivirus 1-4
transmisi oleh arthropod aedes
Symptoms : fever arthralgia
lymphadenopathy dan skin rash
Patogenesis
virus masuk lewat kulit --> ke sirkulasi darah (viremia) --> pervaskuler edema, endothelial sweilling dan MN infiltrasi --> saddle back fever.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever
DHF ada di individu dengan antibodi melawan dengue fever, kalau lebih sever namanya DSS
Clinical
acute biphasic fever, hemorrhage, hepatomegaly, shock
Laboratory
thrombocytopenia hemoconcentration --> hematocrit.
Zika Virus
sebagian besar by Aedes aegypti bite
zika infection saat kehamilan akan menyebabkan kelainan congenital
linked with guillaine syndrome dan gejala GBS
CORONAVIRIDAE
(Corona Virus)
Overview
commonly associated with respiratory disease in elderly along with rhinovirus, influenza virus, & respiratory syncytial virus
cause 15-30& of all colds
transmitted by contact with respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, and fomites
Klasifikasi
Subfamily : Coronavirinae
Genus : Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus
Tipe spesies : Coronavirus
6 spesies infect human : Alphacoronavirus 229E, Alphacoronavirus NL63, Betacoronavirus OC43, Betacoronavirus HKUI, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, 2019-nCoV
Virus properties
Virion : spherical, diameter 120-160mm, helical nucleocapsid
Genome : ss RNA (+), linear, unsegmented
Envelope : large, widely spaced, club-/petal-shaped
punya genome terbesar dari pada SEMUA RNA VIRUS LAIN
Keunikan Virus
gk grow well di culture
undergo a high frequency of recombination --> evolution of new virus strains
manifestasi lain : gastroenteritis(mirip rotavirus infection)
SARS-CoV
remain limited to the upper respirator tract
serious respiratory illness, pneumonia, progressive respiratory failure
SARS involve a cytokine storm
promote the emergence of new viral strain
Diagnosis
tergantung symptoms pasien --> hemagglutination test
Treatment, Prevention, Control
no special treatmen, no vaccine
control meassures that effective to limit the spread of viral transmission
Treatment experience
MERS-CoV
pneumonia & respiratory failure
originated ini bats and became widespread in camels
Clinical findings
The human coronavirus : inkubasi 2-5 hari, simtoms 1 minggu, common colds, lower respiratory tract seldom involved
SARS-CoV : inkubasi 6 hari, respiratory distress--> need ventilation support, death rate 10%
MERS-CoV : leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase level
Coronavirus-associated enteritis : mirip infeksi rotavirus
RUBIVIRUS (Rubella / German Measles)
Overview
infeksi saat kehamilan --> serious abnormalities to the fetus
togaviridae family, tapi bukan arthropod-borne virus
ss RNA Virus, icosahedral,, envelope
Patogenesis
inkubasi >12 hari --> intial replication (respiratory tract) --> cervical lymph node --> viremia setelah 7-9 hari --> antibody develop, rash appear --> virus remain detectable only on nasofaring
Immunity
IgM rubella antibodies
IgG rubella antibodies persist
Lifelong immunity
Treatment, Prevention, Control
fetal infection, vaccine MMR
Diagnosis
typical rash and lymphadenopathy
detection of IgM and/or fourfold antibody rise
Spesimen: sekresi, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood