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CHAPTER 10 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - India was the frst country to have a population policy as early as 1952.
      - Social problems, once recognized,
        
        then inspire “human responses” (Schneider et al. 1981; Jackson, Schuler, and Werner
        
        2011), of which the most common is new or revised policy
      - Population policies are intended to achieve a specifed goal or a set of objectives by
        manipulating one or more variables such as fertility, mortality, or migration.
        
        Ordinarily, policies are motivated by perceived social problems
      - As our defnition suggests, the most important force involved
        in shaping policy is the government.
      - The term commons refers to any resource,
        such as a sheep pasture, shared by a group of people
      - The Tragedy of the Commons (1973)” which underscores the tension between
        personal rights and collective welfare.
      - Malthus’s belief that large population size is inimical to human welfare remains
        the basis of population control policies today
      - With very few exceptions, policy makers, social scientists, and educated people throughout the world agree that measures are needed either to cure a present population problem or to prevent one
        from occurring
      - it is universally unethical and illegal
        
        to seek to sustain or increase morality rates in order to reduce population size or
        
        growth rates
      - The
        
        Malthusian ideology that continues to infuence these standards implies the concept
        
        of an optimum population size
        
        This concept underscores the importance of carrying capacity, the understanding that in any given nation/community the available
        base of renewable and nonrenewable resources
      - This concept underscores the importance of carrying capacity, the understanding that in any given nation/community the available
        base of renewable and nonrenewable resources
      - where population growth is most rapid and social problems most acute, the contribution of immigration to natural increase is relatively negligible
      - Population size and growth contribute to the rate of consumption, which then
        infuences the stability of renewable resource systems
      - Fertility-control laws now in effect seek to manipulate one or more of these
        determinants in order to slow population growth.
      - among the seven,
        
        the later three—fecundability, spontaneous intrauterine mortality, and permanent
        
        sterility—are not readily manipulable
      - Postpartum abstinence is a traditional method of birth control throughout
        Africa and other parts of the developing world
      - Laws aimed at affecting access to abortion, the dissemination of
        
        birth-control information and technology, and the norms and practices associated
        
        with age at marriage are the principal direct means of implementing population
        
        control policies
      - Nevertheless, induced abortion has a strong effect
        
        on fertility decline in today’s rapidly growing populations, just as it did in Japan
        
        early in the twentieth century
      - Even where laws are very restrictive, induced abortion is
        usually allowed when the woman’s life is endangered (Finer and Fine 2013).