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edwardknightch17.pdf - Coggle Diagram

- - - - elongation factors are the involvement of the 3-step cycle
      - Link Title
      - initiation factors bring all components together.
      - SRP= emerges from ribosome from a protein-RNA-complex
        
        bacteria employ signal peptides
        
        signal peptide, targets the protein to the ER
        
        polysomes, are strings of ribosomes
        
        bacterial cell ensures a streamlined operation
        
        MUTATIONS
        
        nonsense mutation, causes translation to be killed prematurely
        
        silent mutation= can occur outside genes; no observable on phenotype
        
        insertions and deletions are: + -
        
        missense mutations, substitutions that change one amino acid to another one
        
        frameshift mutation, when number of nucleotides is not a multiple of 3.
        
        mutations= changes
        
        spontaneous mutations are incorrect bases used as templates
        
        point mutations, changes in single nucleotide pair of gene
        
        drosphilia; Herman Muller
        
        nucleotide-pair substitution= replacement of 1 nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides.
        
        mutagens= number of physical and chemical agents
- - - - primary transcript= initial RNA
      - sites of translation are ribosomes
      - codons
        
        only one of DNA strands are transcribed
        
        codons= mRNA nucleotide triplets
        
        triplet code: genetic instructions for polypeptides
        
        17.2
        
        promoter= RNA polymerase that attaches and initiates
        
        terminator= end of transcription
        
        RNA polymerase pries two strands apart to join RNA nucleotides with them.
        
        start point= where RNA polymerase begins synthesis
        
        elongation of RNA strand
        
        single gene can be transcribed simultaneously
        
        this helps the cell make the encoded protein
        
        the coding strand is the contemplate DNA strand
- - - - can function as enzymes; single stranded, bases can participate in catalysis
      - ribozymes= RNA molecules that functions as enzymes
      - Tetrahymena= self splicer
      - importance of introns
        
        proteins that have modular architecture=domains
        
        exon shuffling lead to new proteins
        
        ARS= segments that are treated as exons