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Chapter 25: Populations and Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 25: Populations and Ecosystems
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
the habitat is the set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
critically important to all organisms
has many components- temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and winds being just a few
Soil Factors
formed by breakdown of rock
soil is thin and virtually identical to the parent rock in its chemical composition
the first plant that invade a new soil, called pioneers, must tolerate severe conditions
Latitude and Altitude
at progressively higher latitudes to either the north or south, summer days become longer, as do winter nights
high altitudes are above much of Earth's atmosphere and thus are not fully shielded by ozone, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor
high winds and poor soil; much or all the year is cold, and the growing season is short
the operational habitat is where all components, whether with known effects or not, are its habitat
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself
An individual itself modifies the habitat and is part of it, just by being in it
Other Plant Species
when several individuals, either just one or several species, occur together, possibility for interaction is created.
if interaction is basically beneficial for both organisms, it is described as mutualism, but if it is disadvantageous, it is competition
competition is a situation in which two populations do not grow as well together as they do separately because they use the same limited supply of resources
Organisms Other Than Plants
Predation is a relationship om which one species benefits and the other is harmed
Commensal relationships, in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected, are also common between plants and animals
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Local Geographic Distribution
Clumped distributions are those in which the spacing between plants is either small or large, but rarely average
Uniform distributions are the types that occur in orchards and tree plantations; all individuals are evenly spaced from their neighbor
Random distribution is when there is no obvious, identifiable pattern to the position of individuals
Age Distribution: Demography
two factors affect the possible rate or population growth; generation time and intrinsic rate of natural increase
generation time is the length of time from the birth of one individual until the birth of its first offspring
intrinsic rate of natural increase or biotic potential is the number of offspring produced by an individual that actually live long enough to reproduce under ideal conditions
the manner in which a population responds to various factors in its habitat is affected partly by its age distribution
its demography is the relative proportions of young, middle-aged, and old individuals
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
physical size and shape of the organisms and their distribution in relation to each other and to the physical environment
Temporal Structure
the change that an ecosystem undergoes with the time
time span can be as short as a day or can encompass seasons or decades
Trophic Levels
trophic levels are basically feeding levels
