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female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes…

- - - - Function
        
        is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
      - Wall of the Ureter
        
        Muscular Coat
        
        Mucosa
        
        Fibrous Coat
    - - Function
        
        Urine is made in the kidneys and travels down two tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled.
    - - the renal pelvis is the point where the two or three major calyces join together
      - functions as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter
    - - Function
        
        he urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.
      - Male Urethra
        
        Intermediate part of the Urethra
        
        External Urethral Sphincter
        
        Prostatic Urethra
    - - Location
        
        The bean-shaped kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal position (between the dorsal body wall and the parietal peritoneum) in the superior lumbar region
      - Internal Anatomy of Kidney
        
        Papilla of Pyramid
        
        Renal Pelvis
        
        a funnel-shaped tube, is continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum
        
        Major Calyx
        
        calyx
        
        a cup like extension of the pelvis of the kidney
        
        Each major calyx subdivides to form several minor calyces
        
        Minor Calyx
        
        cup-shaped areas that enclose the papillae
        
        Renal Medulla
        
        cone-shaped tissue masses
        
        Ureter
        
        Renal Cortex
        
        most superficial region, is light-colored and has a granular appearance
        
        Renal Pyramid in Renal Medulla
        
        Renal Column
        
        Fibrous Capsule
      - Blood and Nerve Supply
        
        The kidneys continuously cleanse the blood and adjust its composition
        
        Renal Arteries
        
        deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output to the kidneys—about 1200 ml each minute.
        
        As each renal artery approaches a kidney, it divides into five segmental arteries
        
        Within the renal sinus, each segmental artery branches further to form several interlobar arteries
      - Blood Vessels of the Kidney
        
        Interlobar Artery
        
        Segmental Arteries
        
        Interlobar Vein
        
        Renal Vein
        
        Arcuate Artery
        
        Renal Artery
        
        Arcuate Vein
        
        Renal Pelvis
        
        Cortical Radiate Artery
        
        Ureter
        
        Renal Medulla
        
        Renal Cortex
        
        Cortical Radiate Vein
  - - - removes metabolic waste from the blood; forms urine
      - Function of adipose with the kidneys
        
        cushions the kidneys and helps to hold them in place
      - 3 major regions of the kidneys
        
        Medulla
        
        Real Pelvis
        
        Cortex
    - - tubes approximately 10 inches long that transport urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
    - - A hollow extensible, muscular organ that temporarily holds urine
    - - The functional unit
  - - - A nephron is the basic unit of structure in the kidney.
      - used separate to water, ions and small molecules from the blood, filter out wastes and toxins, and return needed molecules to the blood
    - - structural and functional unit of the kidney; consists of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule
    - - selective reabsorption
        
        The second stage in the function of the nephrons. Occurs between proximal tubule and peritubular capillary. The nephron selects needed water and nutrients to go back into the capillary and bloodstream.
      - tubular secretion
        
        waste products, H+, and products from medication are secreted BACK into the filtrate in the tubules. It then becomes urine and is excreted
      - proximal convoluted tubule
        
        first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
      - water reabsorption
        
        water diffuses out of the descending limb of the loop of nephron as salt is actively transported out of the ascending limb; hypertonic environment where water is reabsorbed
      - peritubular capillary network
        
        Network that surrounds a nephron and functions in reabsorption during urine formation
    - - Glomerular Capsule
        
        The first portion of the nephron of the kidney which consists of a tuft of arterial (high pressure) fenestrated capillaries covered by a layer of specialized epithelial cells
      - Renal Tubule
        
        Duct that leads away fr glomerular capsule and ends at medullary pyramid 3 cm long and divided into 4 regions. Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
      - Glomerulus
        
        a tangled ball of capillary network in the Bowman's capsule, originating from a afferent arteriole, and leaving the capsule as a efferent arteriole
      - Collecting Duct
        
        receives fluid from the DCT's of several nephrons as it passes back to medulla. Numerous collecting ducts converge toward the tip of the medullary pyramid , and near papilla meerge to form larger papillary duct. Urine drains from these pores into the minor calyx that encloses the papilla.
      - Renal Corpsucle
        
        The first portion of the nephron of the kidney which consists of a tuft of arterial (high pressure) fenestrated capillaries covered by a layer of specialized epithelial cells.
      - Proximal Convoluted Tubule
        
        arises from glomerular capsule, the longest and most coiled of 4 regions. Has prominent microvilli (brush border)
  - - - Non-insulin dependent (NIDDM). Characterized by relative deficiency of insulin activity due to insulin resistance. Insulin levels may be normal but there is an insufficient peripheral response to the insulin. Insulin secretory or regulatory defects are also seen. Some may exhibit predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency while others will have predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance. Excessive intake of calories leading to weight gain and obesity, and lack of physical exercise important factors in NIDDM.
    - - s a common condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease.
    - - Osteoporosis is a common disease of the bones & is often silent until a fracture occurs, making screening important.
        
        Characterized by low bone mass & increased bone fragility.
        
        Pateints are susceptible to fractures from minor traumatic events such as coughing, rolling over in bed, walking, or falling. Fractions include (1.5 million/year): vertebrae, forearem, & hip fractures.
  - - - regulates blood pressure and temperature
        
        the kidney acts as a filter to metabolic wastes that are picked up by the bloodstream
        
        The kidney's prevent buildup of the waste by removing it
        
        Helps Ph and where the levels need to be
    - - Micturition Reflex
        
        what does it mean? - physiological term for urination or voiding
        
        Neural control of micturition
        
        Parts of the brain send signals down through the spinal cord
        
        signals from the spinal cord to the bladder
        
        the PMC contains different kinds of neurons
    - - eliminating waste through the pathways
      - controlling levels of electrolytes
      - metabolites
        
        controls the osmoregulation of blood pressure regulation
- - - - damaged arteries will not be able to deliver blood
        
        in result the kidneys could shut down with no blood supply
- - - - possible reasons why blood in the urine
        
        Kidney stone
        
        small deposit that is formed in kidney and is painful
        
        UTI
        
        infection of kidney, bladder, urethra
        
        Prostatitis
        
        swelling of prostate that produces seminal fluid