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Animal Behavior and Ecology, life-table - Coggle Diagram
Animal Behavior and Ecology
Animal Behavior
Experience and behavior
Learning
Associative learning
the ability to associate one environment feature with another
example: classical conditioning & operant conditioning
social learning
learning to solve problems by observing others
example: chimpanzees learn to open oil palm nuts by watching other chimpanzees do it
development of learned behaviors
example: many birds learn songs in stages
many of these behaviors are learned over a short time
Imprinting
establishment of a lasting behavioral response
imprinting takes place during the sensitive period
Spatial learning
establishment of a memory that reflects the environments spatial structure.
cognitive maps: representation in an animals nervous system of the spacial relationship between objects in its surroundings
problem solving & learning
cognition: process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement.
problem solving: cognitive activity of figuring out how to go from one thing to another when facing a challenge
Behavior and survival/reproduction success
Foraging: gathering food
Mating
polygamous relationship
monogamous relationships
intersexual selection:
intrasexual selection: competition among same sex
sexual dimorphism: when male and females of the same species differ in appearance
Stimulus and behaviors
Migration
has an environmental trigger
regular, long distance change in location
circadian clock: internal mechanism that maintains a 24 hour activity cycle
behavioral rhythms
specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity
can be linked to light and darkness. animals perform either rest or activity based on whether or not it is light or dark
some behaviors have longer rhythms like migration and reproduction
Fixed Action Patterns
sequence of unlearned acts linked to a stimulus that must be brought to completion once initiated
sign stimulus: trigger for the fixed action pattern
male stickleback fish immediately become aggressive when they see the red belly (sign stimulus) of the other males
Signs and Communication
visual
chemical
Pheromones: chemical substances emitted by organisms to communicate
example: queen honey bees emit pheromones to keep the social order in the hive
auditory
tactile
Generics and behavior
Hamilton's rule: rB>C
Altruism: reduces the animals individual fitness but increases the fitness of others in the population
reciprocal altruism: a animal shows kindness to an animal that has no relationship to itself
Ecology
Climate
Local factors that can effect climate
bodies of water
mountains
microclimate
seasons
global climate change
prevailing weather conditions conditions in a given area
rainshadow effect
rain only falls on one side of the mountain causing it to be dry
dry area on on side of a mountain
study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
Biomes
ecotone: areas where one biome becomes another
can be a collection of ecosystems
determined by the organisms, vegetation, climate, and landscape features
climograph: plot of annual mean temperature
disturbance: event (ex fire, hurricane) that changes a community and altering the available resources
aquatic biomes
sunlight; provides energy that drives most ecosystems in biomes
water & oxygen play a big role in aquatic biomes
primarily characterized by their physical and chemical environment
Salinity: salt concentration in water
Zones
aphotic zone: little light penetrates
pelagic zone: photic & aphotic zones together
photic zone: sufficient light for photosynthesis
abyssal zone: 2,000-6,000 m below surface
benthic zone: bottom of all aquatic zones
Scope of Ecology
Community
how interactions between species affect community structure and organization
community: group of populations of different species
Population
analyzes factors that affect population size and why it changes
group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
Ecosytem
energy flow and chemical cycling between organism and environment
ecosystem: community of organisms in an area and the physical factors that the organisms interact with
Organismal
includes physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology
how the challenges of the organism meets the environment
Global
studies how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences organisms
biosphere: global ecosystem
Lanscape
factors controlling exchange of energy,materials, and organisms
landscape: connected ecosystems
Population Ecology
Density
often times counting the number is impractical so ecologists make educated estimates
number of individuals per unit area/volume
emigration: movements of individuals out of a population and into other location
immigration: influx of new individuals from other areas
Dispersion
clumped pattern: individuals are aggregated in patches
pattern spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
uniform pattern: result from direct interactions between individuals in the population
territoriality: defense of a bounded physical space against other individuals
some plants can secret chemicals to inhibit nearby germination causing this pattern
Random pattern: no real pattern to the dispersion
Demographics
life table
cohort: group of individuals of the same age which researchers use for data
helps to summarize survival and reproductive rates
Survivorship curve: plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each stage
study of these vital statistics of populations and how they change
Exponential Growth
intrinsic rate of increase
pattern of growth
Logistical Growth
ex:
per capita rate of population growth approaches 0 as the population size nears capacity
Population Capacity
carrying capacity: maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
crowding and resource limitations effect the population growth rate
Human Population growth
human population has grown rapidly in the last few centuries
projected human population of 8,1-10.6 billion people in 2050
estimates of carry capacity are hard to determine
Ecological footprint
food, water, building materials and other resources are necessary to sustain life
concept that summarizes the aggregate land and water area required by each person/city/nation to produce all the resources it consumes and absorb the waste it generates
infant mortality and life expectancy vary from country to country
Examples of Biomes
Terrestrial
Savanna
found along the equator
seasonal rainfall 30-50cm each year
24-29C average
zebras, a lot of predators, termites
Temperate Grassland
relative rainfall depending on season 30-100cm
found in central north america, in parts of Russia, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa,
cold winters (-10C) hot summers (30C)
Bison, wild horses, and burrowing mammals
Tropical Forest
insects, spiders, arthropods
found generally in places on or close to the equator
tropical rain forests- rain fall is constant 200-400cm per year
temp: 25-29 C
tropical dry forest: seasonal rain 150-200cm
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
rainfall is somewhere between 70--200cm per year
averages 0C but has very hot summers up to 35C
found on in midlattitudes of the Northern Hemisphere
mammals hibernate in winter. Mammals birds, and insects
Desert
occur in bands of 30 degree North & South of equator
varies greatly from 50C to -30C
less than 30cm of rainfall in a year
snakes, lizzards, scorpions, ants, bees rodents
Chaparral
cool most of the year ranging from 10-12C. summer temps can exceed 40C
rainy winters and dry summers 30-50cm per year on average
occurs in midlattiude coastal regions
deer, goats, amphibians, reptiles, and insects
Northern Coniferous Forest
migratory birds, moose, brown bear, Siberian tigers
cold winters from -50C to 20C in summers
broad band across North America, Eurpoe and Asia
rainfall ranges from 30-70cm
Aquatic
Ocean Pelagic Zone
high oxygen levels but has lower nutrient content than coastal water
over fishing has depleted fish populations in oceans
vast realm of open blue water-deep water
Coral Reefs
formed from calcium carbonate skeletons of corals generally in shallow water
high oxygen levels
high diverse organisms from the Cnidarians that make up the reef to the fish and and invertebrates that it attracts
Intertidal Zones
high oxygen and nutrient levels
rocky or sandy
periodically submerged and exposed by the tide
Marine Bethic Zone
seafloor below the surface waters of coastal zones
receives no sunlight unless it is in a coastal area
oxygen is usually enough to support animals
Estuaries
salinity varies with the rise and fall of the tide and the nearby bodies of water
usually has saltmarsh grasses and algae
transition between a river and a sea
Streams & Rivers
salt and nutrient content increases from the headwaters towards the mouth
diversity of fish and vegetation is their primary source of food
characterized by the speed and volume of their flow
Wetlands
water and soils can be low in oxygen. high capacity to dissolve nutrients and chemical pollutens
inundated by water some of the time and supports plants that like water saturated soil
shallow basins, usually where a large body of water runs off like a lake or a river
Lakes
salinity, oxygen concentration, and nutrient content vary from lake to lake and can vary with season
standing body of water
tend to have a shallow well lit zone and a deep zone inhabited by phytoplankton
