What are some factors that produce different enviironments?

What is ecology? -The study of the relationship between organism to environment

Ecology has a scale or hierarchy, theres organismal,population,community,ecosystem, landscape and global, going from smallest to largest and simple to most complex

Climate patterns or the rotation of earth around the sun at a tilt is what makes regions of land have seasons, and since seasons are only in certain weather circusmtances that make that a certain type of weather, they're not the same everywhere at the same time

For example, if it's summer in the U.S its most likely not the same season on the opposite side of the globe

Clinate has 4 factors that determine it, level of temperature,precipitation, sunlight , wind

Bodies of water also have a lot of power since the air that drags across land draggs over the oceans as well, either warming it or cooling the air

It;s NOT just the air moving on top of the water but also the currents in the ocean flow back and forth in a cyclle themselevs.

Areas like tropical rainforest experience high temp year around little seasonal changes , relatively constant rainfall

Deserts are very dry, can be either hot or cold , desert describes the area for amount of dryness not hotness

Most of these biomes named after predominant vegetation, and climate features, like GRASSLANDS, most likely have grasses

savannas and grasslands are somewhat similar in appearance, grasslands are the ones in the US and savannas belong to africa as well as south America

A PHOTIC zone is the zone on top of the water that receives the light for photosynthesis , APHOTIC, NO light penetrates

There are no such seasonal changes in water, these biomes are found in many areas throughout the globe

Both APHOtic and PHOTIC make up the PELAGIC ZONE , which is 70 percent of earths surface, worms,krilll like shrimp, marine mammals

These biomes are slightly different from terrestial , these areas cover most of the earth CHARACTERIZED BY physical and CHEMical environment

When wind flows from ocean over mountain range, on one side of the mountain theres a lush rainforest, while on the other is a desert, the rain shadow effect

Distance from the equator USEFUL since the areas near the equator are hottest and as far away from the equator is the coldest

ELEVATION is crucial as well sicne some people may think the higher you go against gravity it's closer to the sun so its hotter , FALSE, The farthest you go against gravity the colder

Northern coniferous forests and temperate broadleaf forests are primarily in the northern hemisphere, they both somewhat receive hot summers and cold winters,

Tundras, these are areas around the arctic , high winds and very low temperatures, cold and harsh winters, summers are about 10 degrees celcius permafrost here NO ROOTS, mosses and some greass, wolves and bears

Benthic zone is made up of sediments and such, and the abyssal is waay down at the bottom, , includes tube worms feed off prokaryotes in a weird relationship, symbiont

Lakes, involve an area where the water is not flowing like a river, almost stagnant, salinity, O2 , nutrient varies among all lakes, OLIGOTROPHIC-nutrient poor and oxygen rich and EUTROPHIC- opposite

Wetlands involve mix of land and water, both are LOW IN DISSOLVED OXYGEN due to the organic production of plants, nitrogen , WETLANDS include both FRESHWATER and MARINE biomes

Streams and rivers, constant flowing, mouth has mosre nutrients and salt and flowing to the headwaters slowly decreases in amount . Headwaters are rich in N

Estaturaries, where rivers meet a sea , salinity varies alot here,

Coral reefs- which are coral skeletons, Anthozoas/ SHALLOW reef corals are in the photic zone, fish swim arounf these corals

Immigration and emmigration BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS

They also infleunce how many births, deaths, migrations there are

Keeping track of population increases and decreases is called DEMOGRAPHY, in demography its common for people to use LIFE TABLES to summarize information of this type

Bioric and abiotitic factors infleunce dispersion and density (population)

Curve 1 is like starting out flat, meaning not alot of deaths, then drops stepely into the lower part, reflecting alot of organis,s in the same age group die relatively close to eachother , example like human, a lot of PEOPLE from the BABY BOOMER generation will most likely die in the relatively same decade, give or take a decade based on health and such

Curve 2, are a constant down hill, meaning roughly the same amount of species is dying as it's being born, constant

Curve 3 starts off at a drop showing that many infants die and then it flattens out meaning that they live more after the dying off period is over, drops like bowling ball then curved outwars, very common in specied that reproduce a big number and receive little to no care from parents, off on their own alot of them get killed off essentially eaten

Using simple algorithms we can find out a change in population size with enough information from the species

same goes for exponential growth, we use letters to represent births , emmigrants entering population, deaths, and emmigranrts leaving population to calculate change in population size

In the lab, logistic models are compared to populations of controlled populations of tiny organisms , these conditions are extreemly rare in nature and thus won't be actuallly cash money in nature if we make a conclusion that they are the same when in nature it's impossible to maintain the same conditions

How do THESE WORK IN REAL LIFE?- they provide a GOOD starting point but mainly Like the hardy weinberhg equation and such, they can also help humans predict how many of a species we can kill without making it extinct forever like species of RHINOS

These predict population growth, using per capita growth rate and population growth rate