Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Biology Unit Mindmap - Coggle Diagram
Biology Unit Mindmap
Feedback System
Ectotherm (Warm Blooded) - Body temperature and change in different environments.
Endotherm (Cold Blooded) - Maintains the internal body temperature. - Negative feedback
Negative Feedback: Variable triggers counteracting response
(It helps bring the issue back to the starting point)
Positive Feedback: Opposite of negative, intensify the variables.
-
Glands:
- Endocrine system
- Hormones transmitted through blood stream
- Slow but last longer
Nerves:
- Nervous system
- Short changes to the body
- Fast electrical action
- Signals travel along neurons via
-
Positive Feedback loop
- positive feedback amplifies change
Negative Feedback loop
- negative feedback reduces change
Homeostasis
2 types of Chemical Reactions
Anabolic (building large to small)
Catabolic (breaking the large to small)
-
-
Homeostasis
Balance the systems in our body to maintain
- Blood stays in the same PH level
- Blood glucose staying in a certain rage
- Internal Body temperature stays in a certain range
Body Structure
Single cells have all the functions, such as bacterias.
VS
Multicellular organisms have multiple types of cells, for example, animals, humans and plants.
(Opposite of each other)
Levels of Organization:
Specialised Cells (muscle cells) -> Tissue (muscle tissue) -> Organ (heart) -> system (circulatory system) -> Organism (circulatory system makes up part of your human body)
{Starts from the left to right, without the cell there wouldn't have others}
Cell:
- 2 types of cell: Animal & Plant
- Eukaryote (have nucleus membrane) vs Prokaryote (don't have nucleus membrane)
Tissue:
- made out of cells
- Nervous tissue, Connective tissue, Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle, Epithelial tissue
Organs:
- made out of tissues
- Heart, Brain, Skin
Organ Systems:
- a group of organs working together
- Circulatory system, Nervous system, Skeletal system, Digestive system, Reproductive system, Respiratory system
Organisms:
- living thing
- Animals, Insets, Humans
The Digestive System
Main Functions of the Digestive System
- The body needs to consume energy to survive, such as carbohydrates, sugar. (turn food into energy) Defecate bodily waste and residue from the body. The energy is later transferred into glucose then it is sent to other organs or to be stored inside the liver as glycogen.
There are a lot of different organs and parts in the digestive system, however, they all have the same job and it is to break down and absorb the nutrients within the food.
2 major groups of organs:
- Alimentary Canal: (Oesophagus, stomach, small & large intestine)
The food passes through
- Accessory Organs (Salivary gland, Pancreas, Liver, Gall Bladder)
Helps the process of digestion but doesn't pass through
Oesophagus
- A holo tube
- Connected to the oral cavity to the stomach
(separated by the epiglottis)
- Mixed with saliva then bolus via the action of peristalsis
Peristalsis
Circular Muscle
- Involuntary
- Inner Wall
- Behind the bolus of food
Longitudinal Muscle
- Involuntary
- Outer Wall
- In front of bolus of food
Stomach
- temporary storage tank, it is where food are being mixed by tossing and then the protein digestion begins
- lined by gastric pits that release digestive juices, it create an acidic environment.
Small Intestine
- it's a long and folded tube
- usable food substances (nutrients) are absorbed
- 3 sections: the duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Specialised Cells in Small intestine
Microvilli:
- It's appearance is similar to hair
- Increases it's surface area
- Helps absorbing more nutrients
Large Intestine
- Final section of the alimentary canal
- water and dissolved minerals are absorbed
- Consists of the ascending / transverse / descending / sigmoid colon, as well as the rectum
Salivary Glands
- releases saliva into the food which helps breaking it down
Pancreas
- produces enzyme and spreads it into the small intestine via the duodenum
Pancreatic Enzymes
- Pancreatic proteases helps the digestion process for proteins
- Pancreatic amylase helps the digestion process for sugar (carbohydrates)
- Pancreatic lipase helps digest fat
Liver
- Allows the raw materials and absorbs it by the small intestine then use it to make chemicals
-detoxifying, storage, metabolism, bile production, haemoglobin breakdown
Gall Blader
- Stores the bile and it is produced by the liver (breakdown the fat)