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Spleen (Patho II) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - acute sytemic infection
        
        Grossly (similar to passive congestion): splenomegaly, red to purple, oozes blood on cut surfaces
        
        histo (similar to pc): red pulp dilated and contain blood, white pulp is widely separated
    - - vascular pooling(shock)
        
        barbiturates administration*
        
        hemolytic anemia
    - - causes:
        
        vascular damages *(due to thrombosis)
        
        hypercoagulable states *(due to thrombosis)
        
        splenomegaly (of any cause) *(due to thrombosis)
        
        septic emboli - showering from endocarditis (mitral or aortic)
      - Gross:
        
        Acutely: infarcts are discrete, raised and dark red at the margin of the organ
        
        Chronic(with time): pale and firm (fibrosis)
    - - common in dog
        
        trauma *
        
        often assoc with nodular hyperlasia or vascular tumor
      - Gross: red nodular mass
    - - dogs and pig
        
        with or w/o the stomach
        
        twist around the gastrosplenic ligament
      - Gross: splenomegaly, blue to black, folded back on itself
  - - - MULTIFOCAL NECROSUPPURATIVE SPLENITIS
        
        Etiologies:
        
        tularemia(francisella tularensis)
        
        yersiniosis (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis)
        
        Gross: Multifocal miliary white foci within the spleen.
        
        can see similar lesion in the lymph nodes and liver
        
        older lesions resemble granulomas/abscess)
      - SEPTICEMIC SPLENITIS
        
        etiologies:
        
        hog cholera
        
        african swine fever
        
        Anthrax **
        
        Gross:
        
        splenomegaly
        
        dark discoloration
        
        engorged with viscous blood
        
        Anthrax
        
        Etiology: Bacillus anthracis
        
        zoonotic
        
        in ruminant: septicemic disease
        
        in horse, pig, dog: pharyngeal and enteric disease
        
        Pathogenesis in ruminant
        ingestion/wound cont/inhallation -> lymphangitis & localized lymphangitis -> massive bacteremia (sepsis) and toxaemia -> increased vascular permeability & impaired coagulation -> sudden death
        
        with sepsis; huge number of vegetative organism in blood
        
        become spores when exposed to air
        
        very resistant
        
        survive decades in soil
        
        infections often occur following soail excavation
        
        characteristic findings: bloated autolysed carcass with blood oozing from orifices (DONT DO NECROPSY FOR SUSPECTED CASE)
        
        take blood smear from ear -> methylene blue stain (short chain of large bacilli with distict pink capsule and square ends
        
        Lesion
        
        marked splenomegaly: dark red to black, soft to semifluid spleen
        
        multifocal hemorrhage and edema in CT
        
        thick tarry blood (fails to clot)
    - - GRANULOMATOUS SPLENITIS
        
        Nodular granulomatous splenitis:
        
        Avian mycobacteriosis
        
        Bovine tuberculosis
        
        Diffuse granulomatous splenitis:
        
        Histoplasmosis
        
        Blastomycosis
  - - - common in old dog
        
        usually accidental
        
        may predispose to splenic hematomas
      - Gross: Gray to red nodular mass: composed of lymphoid tissue and red pulp
      - importance: rule out neoplasia
    - - hyperplasia of white pulp
        
        response to blood-borne antigen/chronic antigenic stimulation
        
        Gross: lymphoid follicle visible as 1-3 mm foci
  - - - Benign mass of endothelial origin
      - Gross: single, soft, dark, red nodular mass
      - Histo: cavernous blood filled spaces lined by a well-differentated endothelium
    - - Most common malignant tumour of canine spleen
        -possible sequelae: splenic rupture, hemoabdomen, peritoneal seeding, metastasis
      - Gross:
        
        single to multiple, discrete to coalescing dark red masses
        
        +/- metastases
      - Histo: Blood filled vascular spaces lined by anaplastic endothelial cell
- - - - functions:
        -filters blood-removal of foreign materials(phagocytosis)
        -RBC storage
        -hematopoiesis (EMH)
        removal of dead and abnormal RBCs
  - - - functions:
        -immune response
- - - - Viral infection
        
        Panleukopenia virus
        
        Canine parvovirus
        
        Bovine viral diarrhea virus
        
        Equine viral diarrhea virus
      - Toxin
      - Aging
    - - Gross: Granular white-yellow deposits in the splenic capsule
      - Histo: hematoidin (yellow brown or orange pigment that is free from iron and made from hemoglobin), hemosiderin, mineral deposits
      - what?
        -incidental finding/senile changes
        -possible sequela or prior hemorrhage
    - - what?
        
        Normal : A small amount of hemosiderin within macrophages in the spleen (bcs of normal rbc turnover)
        
        increases with increased eryhtrocyte destruction (eg: IMHA)
    - - Gross: splenomegaly, beige to orange discoloration
      - Histo: deposition of amyloid around the follicular arteries (congo red stain)
    - - what?
        
        contraction of the smooth muscle in the capsule/trabeculae
        
        occurs with catecholamine release, shock, acute splenic rupture
      - Gross: small dry spleen with wrinking of capsule
        
        for incomplete contraction, grossly it will looks like splenic infarction
    - - Primary- trauma
        
        secondary to splenomegaly, splenic neoplasia
        
        potential sequelae include hemoabdomen and splenosis
      - -seeding of splenic explants on peritoneal surfaces and forming accessory spleens
      - Gross: small red nodule within omentum (can be mistaken ti hemangiosarcoma metastases)
      - Histo: looks like normal spleen