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Vascular plants Without seeds Vascular cryptogams, site of…

- - - - multi cellular sporophyte
        
        interpolation hypothesis
        
        transformation theory
      - multi cellular gametophyte
        
        Xylem structure application
  - - - zygote
        
        meiosis
        
        spores
- - - - upright
        
        cylinders
        
        equal dicotiomous branching
        
        equal
        
        size
        
        vigor
      - single
      - short
    - - none
  - - - solid mass of xylem in the center
      - no pith
      - endarch protostele
        
        protoxylem
        
        center
        
        metaxylem differentiates
        
        outer edge of xyle mass
      - exarch protostele
        
        metaxylem
        
        center
        
        +protoxylem edges
    - - pith
        
        present in center
  - - - no secondary growth
      - enations
        
        outgrowths
        
        increased photosynthetic SA
        
        contained trace vascular tissue
    - - lateral sporangia
      - sporangia opened transversely
      - xylem #
        
        exarch protostele
- - - - firm anchor
    - - secondary growth
  - - - cones or strobili
        
        protection
    - - some became heterosporous
        
        microsproes
        
        microgameophytes
        
        megaspores
        
        megagameophytes
  - - - prostrate rhizomes
      - true roots
      - short, upright branches
        
        microphylls
        
        spirally arranged
        
        no secondary growth
- - - - unequal ranching
    - - single main trunk
  - - - evolved from branching system
        
        telome theory
        
        telomes
        
        lateral branches
      - sporophyll
        
        sporangia
      - euphyllophytes
        
        megaphyllous
  - - - megaphyllous
      - sister clades
        
        monilophytes
        
        lignophytes
        
        woody plants
    - - roots have exarch xylem
      - have megaphylls
      - DNA plasmid
        
        large single copy region
        
        30 kilobase inversion
  - - - no secondary growth
      - aerial stems
        
        jounted
        
        whorled leaves at node
      - leaves
        
        small megaphylls
        
        trace vascular tissue
    - - sporangiophore
  - - - single axis
        
        vertical shoot
        
        horizontal rhizome
        
        true roots
        
        megaphyllous leaves
        
        underside
        
        sori #
        
        meiosis
      - node
        
        trace leaf
        
        leaf gap
    - - eusporangia
      - leptosporangia