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Population Dynamics in Historical and Comparative Perspective - Coggle…
Population Dynamics in Historical and Comparative Perspective
Demographic Transitions
The occurrence of pro-longed and relatively permanent changes in population growth rates.
This look into the past and the immediate present leads us to consider some of the issues surround-ing future population growth.
Measuring growth by distance
We will refer to all change in the size of a population or other aggregate as “growth,” even when an absolute loss or no change occurs. In such cases, we speak of negative or zero population growth (ZPG).
G = Pt – P0
The Linear Model
Based on what Malthus referred to as “arithmetic growth,” assumes that an equal percentage of persons is added to (or subtracted from) a population each and every year in the interval.
Growth by Components
G = (B − D) + (I − O)
It is the number of per-sons (not the percent or the rate) added or subtracted between two dates.
The (B – D), births minus deaths, term is referred to as natural increase; and that the (I – O) term, in and out migration, makes up net migration.
If we add together all the births that occur between the dates and the total number of in-migrants, we will have the incremental (increase-producing) part of growth.
The Four Stage Process
By referring to it as the European transition, we are underscoring the point that slow growth continued after 1650 in other parts of the world.
Stage 1
During the first stage, population growth rates were low because of high moral-ity, despite equally high levels of fertility.
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
The Aging of the World's Population
One of the major demographic consequences of fertility decline is that it causes a population to become older (Cleland 2013; Brandel and Gwatlun 1982).
This is the outcome of steady decreases in the proportion of young persons, as the age-sex pyramid begins to lose its isosceles triangle shape
The U.S. Growth Change
In our earlier section on the components method we observed that the annual RNI in the United States stood at about 0.6 percent as of the year 2000. Although this is the lowest RNI in U.S. history, it is still far higher than that of nearly all of the countries in Europe.