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Colic, References - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Severe twisting (Volvolus, intussusception)
      - Entrapment in hernia
      - Pedunculated lipoma
        
        wraps around small intestine
      - Adhesions of small intestines
        
        strangulating obstruction
  - - - Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals around a nidus
        
        Wire, stone, nail etc
      - higher mineral concentrations and pH predispose to formation
    - - Strongylus vulgaris
      - Anoplocephala perfoliata
      - Parascaris equorum
  - - - E.g: Dorsal displacement of colon
  - - - equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Neorickettsia risticii)
  - - - Partially digested, fermentable feedstuff
      - Gas
      - Fluid
      - Horses cannot regurgitate or vomit
        
        Adynamic ileus or obstructions involving the small intestine can also cause
        
        Gastric rupture
- - - - Emergency abdominal surgery required
- - - - Later, mucous membrane hyperemic or muddy as peripheral vasodilation develops later in shock
    - - Later, usually becomes prolonged as vascular stasis (venous pooling) develops.
    - - hypotension
      - pain
      - hemoconcentration
  - - - fluid reflux occurs
        
        The volume and color of the fluid should be noted. (>1 L of fluid retrieved from the stomach is abnormal)
    - - Intestinal sounds associated with episodes of pain
        
        indicate an intraluminal obstruction (eg, impaction, enterolith)
      - Gas sounds
        
        indicate ileus or distention of a viscus
      - Fluid sounds
        
        indicate impending diarrhea associated with colitis
      - complete lack of sounds
        
        associated with adynamic ileus or ischemia
    - - For small-intestinal obstruction, strangulating obstruction, or enteritis
        
        distended duodenum can be palpated dorsal to the base of the cecum on the right side of the abdomen
        
        distended loops of jejunum can be identified in the middle of the abdomen
    - - reflects the degree of intestinal damage.
        
        Normal peritoneal fluid is clear to yellow. Other colours are abnormal.
        
        5,000 WBCs/μL, and >2.5 g of protein/dLv is abnormal
      - (obtained via paracentesis performed aseptically on midline)
  - - - due to fever, pain, acidosis, or an underlying respiratory problem.
  - - - hemoconcentration (increased PCV)
      - Increases in albumin level
        
        Increased AG ratio
    - - Increased white cell count
    - - Increases serum bile acids concentration
        
        Liver damage
        
        Colic
      - Increases of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
    - - High fibrinogen indicates inflammation and tissue damage
- - - - pain impulses are transmitted to the brain
  - - - Strangulating infarction
  - - - proinflammatory mediators in the wall of the intestine decrease the threshold for painful stimuli
- - - - opening through which intestine might pass and become trapped
    - - If ventral abdominal wall fails to form properly around the umbilicus, opening remains, umbilical hernia can be formed.
    - - A natural opening between the portal vein, the caudal vena cava, and the caudate lobe of the liver
        
        intestinal incarcerations
    - - bounded by the renosplenic ligament
        
        Site for displacement of large colon
  - - - Branches can be damaged by the migrating forms of Strongylus vulgaris
      - Supplies blood to remaining portion of the duodenum; to all of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, large colon, and transverse colon; and to the first portion of the descending colon
    - - Supplies blood to the stomach, pancreas, liver, spleen, and the first portion of the duodenum
  - - - because of the dramatic changes in size
    - - feed that is too coarse, diseased or poorly managed teeth, and insufficient water intake.