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Behaviourism - Coggle Diagram
Behaviourism
Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences
The Influence of Functional Psychology on Behaviorism
Need for an objective psychology that would focus on behavior instead of consciousness
New psychology: focused on only what could be seen, heard, or touched
Zeitgeist: overall movement of American psychology was in a behavioristic direction
Edward Lee Thorndike
The puzzle box experiment
Trial-and-error learning
Law of effect
Law of exercise
Connectionism
Connections between situations and responses
Animal researches
Built crude puzzle boxes out of old crates and sticks for his research on animal learning
Created a mechanistic, objective learning theory that focused on overt behavior
Believed that psychology must study behavior
Contributed to the rise of learning theory and laid the foundation for behaviorism
Antecedents of Behaviorism
Functionalists’ animal researches
Russian Objective Psychology
European philosophy: empiricism
Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov
Worked on three major problems
Conditioned reflexes
Primary digestive glands
Function of the nerves of the heart
Classical Conditioning
theory
Major legacy of behaviorism
Changed Psychology’s subject matter
overt behavior
internal cognitive processes
Changed the goal of psychology
develop a technology
that could be used to change behavior for better
Application of behaviorism theories
Behaviorism: After the Founding
Stage 2: Neobehaviorism
Edward Chace Tolman
Purposive behaviorism
studies purposive behavior
combines the objective study of behavior with the consideration of purposiveness or goal orientation in behavior
Causes of behavior
function of 5 variables: Environmental stimuli, Physiological drives, Heredity, Previous training, Age
intervening variables
intervene between environmental events and behavior.
psychological processes
operationally defined all intervening variables in terms of observable behavior
Latent Learning theory
Distinction between learning and performance of the behavior
Rat Maze study
Learning remained latent until the organism had a reason to use it, which was an incentive.
Contributions
Preceded cognitive psychology
Began the use of white rat as research subject
Operationism
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Skinner’s descriptive behaviorism
Took an nontheoretical position
Interested in the functional stimulus-response relationship
Functional analysis
Operant behavior
Reflexive behavior
Operant behavior
Operant Conditioning
A learning situation that involved behavior emitted by an organism rather than elicited by a detectable stimulus
Law of acquisition
the strength of an operant behavior is increased when it is followed by the presentation of a reinforcing stimulus
Reinforcement is the process by which a consequence of a behavior increases the rate or probability of the behavior
Reinforcement contingencies
Change contingencies and you can change behavior
Selection of behavior by consequences
Influence which behaviors are increased and which are not
Successive approximation
an explanation for the acquisition of complex behavior
Reinforcement schedules
Fixed ratio
Fixed interval
Variable ratio
Variable interval
Applications
Education
Behavior therapy
Criticisms of Skinner’s behaviorism
Neglect influence from mental or cognitive processes
Contributions of Skinner’s behaviorism
High applicability of his research
Stage 3: Neo-neobehaviorism or sociobehaviorism
Sociobehaviorism: The Cognitive Challenge
the combination of behaviorism and cognitive psychology
Return to study of mental or cognitive processes
reflection of the broader cognitive movement in psychology as a whole
Albert Bandura
Social Cognitive Theory
Modeling
individuals can learn virtually all kinds of behavior without experiencing reinforcement directly
Vicarious reinforcement
learning can occur by observing the behavior of other people, and the consequences of their behavior, rather than by always experiencing reinforcement personally
More likely to model our behavior after a person of the same sex and age, our peers, who have solved problems similar to our own
Self-Efficacy
One’s sense of self-esteem and competence in dealing with life’s problems
People who have a great deal of self-efficacy believe they are capable of coping with the diverse events in their lives
Contributions
self-efficacy affects performance of behavior
modelling techniques as behavioral therapy
Julian Rotter
Cognitive processes
Perceive ourselves as conscious beings capable of influencing the experiences that affect our lives
Locus of control
External locus of control
belief that reinforcement depends on outside forces
Internal locus of control
belief that reinforcement depends on one’s own behavior
physically and mentally healthier
The Beginnings of Behaviorism
Stage 1: Watson’s behaviorism
John B. Watson
Presented his famous lecture “Psychology as a behaviorist views it,” the “Behaviorist Manifesto,” within which he lays out the basic tenets of behaviorism
Introspection forms no essential part of its method
Psychology is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science
The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and animal
Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior
The Methods of Behaviorism
The verbal report method
Testing methods
The conditioned reflex method
Observation with and without the use of instruments
New methods = change in the nature and role of the human subject in the psychology laboratory
Subject Matter of Behaviorism
Focus on elements of behavior
Psychology would deal only with acts that could be described objectively
Radical Environmentalism
There were a few simple reflexes, but no complex innate behavior patterns in humans
Humans inherit the emotions of fear, rage, and love
Denies any conscious perception of the emotion or the sensations from the internal organs
Little Albert Study
Precursor to behavioral therapy
Reasons for popularity of behaviorism
Studies provide evidence that all undesirable behaviors can be eliminated
Theory does not blame individual for negative behaviors
Possibility of controlled behavior; free of myths, customs, and conventional behaviors
Replace religion-based ethics with experimental ethics
Contribution of Watson’s Behaviorism
Changed Subject Matter of Psychology
inclusion of overt behavior
Changed methods of Psychology
emphasis on observable and objective data
Changed Goal of Psychology
prediction and control of behavior
Simulated various forms of neobehaviorism