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chapter 20 nonvascular - Coggle Diagram

- - - - mosses transport mobile male sperm to an immobile female gamete
        
        most plants use the same method
        
        female organ is called archegonia, contains an egg and is shaped to accept sperm cells
        
        male oran is antherida, produces sperm cells
      - a gametophore is a bearer of sexual gametes
      - a gametangia forms sexual gametes
    - - sporophytes are the zygote of mosses, they undergo division
        
        sporophytes develop into a 'foot'
        
        absorb water from gametophore
        
        absorbs minerals and nutrients as well
        
        continue to transform in order to capture spores and help reproduciton
  - - - they stay small in size
        
        keeps the moss from having transportation and evaporation struggles
      - different actions make up for their downfalls
        
        mosses grow in moist environments to fight water loss
        
        one less environmental factor to fight against
        
        mosses can dessicate and still remain alive, meaning they can dry out
        
        when a moss is dry, it is more tolerable to the environment
        
        being dry helps the moss in a way like dried astronaut food, less cellular activity taking plave
        
        dessication is a strong advantage, many plants would die if they were to dry out
      - mosses are usually lacking other tissues that other plants have
  - - - large tubes are harder to maintain pressure in, so the tubes stay as small as possible
      - these are narrow in order to facilitate the capillary action needed to move materials
      - leaves and stems remain small to retain efficiency
        
        just like trees may have a large trunk, they remain small on the interior
    - - elongated cells to assist in transportation
      - transport water and other valuable items
    - - these a cells without nuclei, they don't require them
        
        simply hollow tubes to do their function better
      - even without nuclei these cells have cytoplasm
      - these cells are elongated and cylindrical like many transport cells
- - - - produces the gametophyte
        
        a gametophyte helps produce the zygotes
      - a diploid cell has dna from both mother and father
        
        on the other hand, a haploid cell has but one set of dna
      - although they are 'asexual', sporophytes make reproductive tools
    - - a sporangium assists in the production of spores
    - - helps the hornwort to produce more tissues related to the sporangium
        
        important to continuing production
  - - - parenchyma cells are the primary composite of non-woody plants
      - usually have thin walls and are found throughout the plant
    - - are of annual classification
      - due to dying each year
      - perform entire life-cycle within one period of growing
    - - irregular growth means that they are typically not symmetrical, or do not always have a set growth pattern
- - - - within them are elongate cells that 'push' spores outwards
    - - sporophytes of liverworts do contain a seta
      - a seta is a stalk that helps move nutrients
        
        seta are delicate and collapse, hace thin walls as well
  - - - gametorphore growth
        
        bisexual, contain antheridia (male) and archegonia (female)
        
        could also be unisex dependent upon the species
      - gametophores in liverworts resemble the gametophores in mosses
        
        makes them harder to distinguish
      - are thallose liverworts
        
        thallose liverworts have a large degree of differentiation
        
        thallose is referring to the shabe of the body
        
        thalose means there is no defined organ structure visible
        
        air pores are not the same as stomata
        
        these air pores cannot be closed, which does not adversely affect the liverwort due to them living in moist environments
        
        have pores, but these pores do not contain guard cells like larger plants
        
        these pores are always open
- - - - a sporangia is where asexual organs are formed
    - - gametangia form gametes for reproduction