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Urinary An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis,chronic…

- - - - a condition in which bones become weak and brittle
    - - a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high
    - - chronic disease
        
        high levels of sugar in the blood
  - - - return of components from within tubular fluid to blood within peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
        
        move by diffusion,osmosis, or active transport
        
        all vital solutes and most water reabsorbed
        
        excess solutes,waste products,and some water remaining in tubular fluid
    - - movement of solutes from blood to tubular fluid
        
        usually by active transport
        
        materials moved selectively into tubules to be excreted
    - - in glomerular capillaries
        
        some water and solutes entering capsular space of renal corpuscle
        
        separated fluid termed filtrate
        
        Filtrate
        
        filtered plasma with certain solutes and minimal amounts of protein
        
        caught within capsular space and funneled into proximal convoluted tubule
        
        blood components exiting renal corpuscle through efferent arteriole
  - - - renal corpuscle
        
        composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule
        
        glomerulus
        
        tangle of capillary loops,glomerular capillaries
        
        blood entering by afferent arteriole
        
        exits by efferent arteriole
        
        glomerular capsule
        
        has internal permeable visceral layer
        
        directly overlies glomerular capillaries
        
        external impermeable parietal layer
        
        composed of simple squamous epithelium
        
        capsular space between two layers
        
        receives filtrate,modified to form urine
      - renal tubule
        
        remaining portion of nephron, three continuous parts
        
        Proximal convoluted tubule(PCT)
        
        first region of renal tubule
        
        originates at tubular pole of renal corpuscle
        
        has microvilli increasing surface area and reabsorption capacity
        
        lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
        
        Nephron loop
        
        contains descending limb and ascending limb
        
        connect at a "hairpin" turn within the medulla
        
        lining changes from simple cuboidal epithelium(thick segment)to simple squamous(thin segment)then back to simple cuboidal
        
        Distal convoluted tubule(DCT)
        
        originates in renal cortex at the end of ascending limb
        
        extends to collecting duct
        
        lined by simple cuboidal epithelium without microvilli
    - - Classified based on two factors
        
        relative position of nephron in cortex
        
        length of loop
      - Cortical nephrons
        
        oriented with renal corpuscles near peripheral cortex
        
        have short nephron loop just penetrating medulla
        
        bulk residing within cortex
        
        85% of nephrons
      - Juxtamedullary nephrons
        
        renal corpuuscles adjacent to corticomedullary junction
        
        long nephron loops extending deep into medulla
        
        play important role in kidneys ability to produce concentrated urine
        
        water conservation tactic
  - - - prevents accumulation of
        
        various hormones and metabolites
        
        foreign substances
        
        cellular waste
        
        some filtered at glomerulus while others secreted along tubules
  - - - blood flowing through glomerulus
        
        both water and solutes filtered from blood plasma
        
        moves across wall of glomerular capillaries and into capsular space
        
        Forms filtrate
      - 1.Capsular space
    - - filtrate renamed as enters proximal convoluted tubule
        
        Flows through PCT,nephron loop,DCT,collecting ducts
        
        enters collecting ducts
      - 2.Proximal convoluted tubule(PCT)
      - 3.Descending limb of nephron loop
      - 4.Ascending limb of nephron loop
      - 5.Distal convoluted tubule(DCT)
      - 6.Collecting tubules
      - 7.Collecting duct
    - - Tubular fluid renamed as leaves collecting ducts
        
        enters papillary duct located within renal papilla into renal sinus of kidney
        
        flows from minor calyx,to major calyx,to renal pelvis,to ureter
        
        Ureter connects to urinary bladder
        
        urine stored and secreted from body through urethra
      - 8.Papillary duct
      - 9.Minor calyx
      - 10.Major calyx
      - 11.Renal pelvis
      - 12.Ureter
      - 13.Urinary bladder
      - 14.Urethra