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Healthy couple want to know long term effects on contraceptives and wants…
Healthy couple want to know long term effects on contraceptives and wants to stop taking birth control pills but also doesn't want any more kids
upstream
important considerations
couple are healthy
already have 2 kids
doesn't want anymore kids
background
male reproductive system
vas deferens
takes sperm from seminal vesicles to epididymis
ejaculatory duct
mix sperm from ampulla with fluids from seminal vesicles and transport to prostate gland
seminiferous tubules
produce sperm
prostate gland
secrete prostate fluid
bulbourethral gland
secrete clear fluid that lubricates and neutralizes acidic urine in distal urethra
corpus cavernosum
facilitate penile erections
urethra
urine and semen ejaculation tube
epididymis
store sperm
penis
male organ used in sexual intercourse or for urinating
corpus spongiosum
during intercourse prevent urethra from pinching closed
seminal vesicles
store and produce most semen
cycle events
ovarian cycle
ovulation (day 14)
luteal phase (days 15-28)
follicular phase (days 1-13)
uterine cycle
proliferative phase (days 6-14)
secretory phase (days 15-28)
menstrual phase (days 1-5)
female reproductive system
cervix
allow flow of menstrual blood into vagina and direct sperm to uterus
uterine tube
site of fertilization; bring egg to uterus
vagina
connects uterus to outside; receives penis during intercourse
fimbriae
catch egg when released from ovary
ovaries
produce eggs
ovarian ligament
hold ovaries in place
uterus
nurturing fertilized ovum; site of egg implantation to grow into a baby
vagina orifice
opening of vagina
labia minora
protect urinary and vaginal orifice
labia majora
cover and protect the labia minora
clitoris
main pleasure center during intercourse
lactiferous ducts
bring milk to nipple
nipple
opening to milk to come out; baby drinks from
lobule
produce milk
Contraceptive methods
DEPO shot
shot (every 3 months) of progestin that stops ovary from releasing egg
side effects: acne may occur, headaches for some, weight may be affected, irregular bleeding, may protect against ovarian cancer, anemia, pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian cysts
condoms
thin covering worn on penis to prevent sperm entering vagina
side effects: allergic reactions, skin irritation
implants
small rod inserted in arm that releases progestin that keeps ovaries from releasing egg (lasts up to 4 years)
side effects: acne may increase, headaches for some, period may become irregular
cervical cap
silicone cup inserted into vagina up to 6 hours prior to sex that blocks sperm and uses spermicide to kill them
side effects: skin irritation, allergic reactions, UTI
IUD
T-shaped plastic that releases hormones to prevent sperm to fertilize egg (lasts 3-6 years)
side effects: menstrual flow may be lighter and fewer cramps and may stop
spermicides
chemical that kills sperm
side effects: skin irritation, allergic reactions, increased risk of HIV
birth control pills
help body maintain constant hormones levels to prevent ovulation to occur and uterus lining becomes thinner so egg can't implant (take everyday)
side effects: ace may be reduced, weight gain, period may become regular, lighter and shorter, spotting, tender breasts, nausea, mood changes, may protect against ovarian cancer, anemia, pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian cysts
sterilization
tubal ligation
medical procedure that blocks the fallopian tubes preventing sperm from reaching eggs
side effects: none
vasectomy
medical procedure that permanently blocks tubes that carry sperm to penis
side effects:none
downstream
3 worst options
cervical cap is not a good option because it can move or something and sperm can go around it. They would have a 40% chance of getting pregnant again.
spermicides is another bad option cause sometimes the spermicide might not work and they could end up pregnant. They have a 26% chance of getting pregnant again.
stopping birth control and only using condoms cause they can break. Condoms are only 85% effective.
3 best options
sterilization because if they for sure know they don't want anymore kids then they can sterilize themselves and not have to worry about getting pregnant and there are no long term side effects
implants in the arm because it does last up to 4 years so they don't have to worry until the 4 years are up and just get it replaced and it basically does the same, releases progestin that prevents ovulation
IUD because they last anywhere from 3 to 6 years so they dont have to worry too much about a pill everyday but it basically does the same as the pill, releases progestin or other hormones that prevent sperm from fertilizing the egg