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三、全球化与管理者 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Goal
        
        To gain and sustain a competitive advantage.
        
        To compete against other foreign and domestic companies around the world.
      - FDI( Foreign Direct Investment)
      - International Trade
      - Outsourcing（外包业务）
        
        Benefits
        
        concentrating resources on primary activities
        
        Reducing risks
        
        24 hours operatoin
        
        Challenges
        
        Cost cutting is not a long term fix
        
        may lose direct communication with custormers
    - - Multinational Enterprises
    - - level: 10-25%
  - - - The spread of market-based economy systems.
      - The decline of barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment.
        
        Tariffs
        
        Quotas
        
        Regional trade agreements
      - Falling costs of communication and transportation.
- - - - Labor Capital Energy Land
  - - - Economies of scale/scope
      - Opportunities to participate in a larger marekt
      - Opportunities to outcompete local rivals
    - - Low-cost leadership strategy
      - Low-cost raw materials
  - - - Exporting
      - Franchsing
      - Licensing
      - Joint venture
      - Wholly owned subsidiary
    - - Expatriates（外派）
      - 三种人才与国籍方式
        
        geocentric staffing（无论国籍，任人唯贤）
        
        Ethnocentric staffing(home country)
        
        Polycentric Staffing(host country)