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Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers ("Gymnosperms"),…

- - - - Alteration of independent heteromporphic generation
      - disadvantage
        
        Zygote temporarily dependent on gametophyte
        
        many new sporophytes parish
  - - - in lycophytes
      - In equisetophytes
    - - cambium able to grow in circumference
      - Gave rise to massive trees
  - - - Spermatophyta
    - - Gymnosperm
      - Angiosperm
- - - - Aneurophyton
      - Protopteridium
      - Proteokalon
      - Tetraxylopteris
      - Triloboxylon
      - Eoaspermatopteris
    - - From shrubs to 12m tall
      - had vascular cambium
      - secondary growth
  - - - chauleria
    - - layer of tissue
    - - whole for sperm transfer in integument
  - - - first evolutionary step towards megaphylls
- - - - are compound cones
      - has shoot and axilary bud
      - short axis has cone bracts
  - - - have tiny papery leaves
    - - produce long needle leaves
- - - - on separate plants
      - pollen cones are spirally arranged
- - - - lack axial parenchyma
      - lacks vessels
    - - dichotomously branched veins
- - - - has 30 species
    - - 40 species
      - tough shrubs and bushes
      - leaves reduced and scale like
    - - only species in genus
      - exist only in deserts