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CHAPTER 3 PERCEPTION AND THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION, 1, THE…
CHAPTER 3 PERCEPTION AND THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
SELF-CONCEPT
THE WAY YOU SEE YOURSELF
YOUR FEELINGS & THOUGHTS ABOUT YOUR STRENGTHS & WEAKNESS, YOUR ABILITIES & LIMITATIONS, & YOUR ASPIRATION & WORLDVIEW
OTHERS' IMAGES
THE CONCEPT OF LOOKING-GLASS SELF
YOU LOOK AT THE IMAGE OF YOURSELF THAT OTHERS REVEAL TO YOU THROUGH THE WAY THEY TREAT YOU & REACT TO YOU
SOCIAL COMPARISON
COMPARING YOURSELF WITH OTHERS
CULTURAL TEACHINGS
THROUGH YOUR PARENTS, TEACHERS & THE MEDIA
YOUR CULTURE INSTILLS IN YOU A VARIETY OF BELIEFS, VALUES & ATTITUDES
SELF-EVALUATION
YOU REACT TO YOUR OWN BEHAVIOR, INTERPRET & EVALUATE IT
SELF-AWARENESS
JOHARI WINDOW MODEL
THE OPEN SELF
INFORMATION ABOUT YOURSELF THAT YOU & OTHERS KNOW
THE BLIND SELF
INFORMATION ABOUT YOURSELF THAT YOU DON'T KNOW BUT THAT OTHERS DO KNOW
THE HIDDEN SELF
INFORMATION ABOUT YOURSELF THAT YOU KNOW BUT OTHERS DON'T KNOW
THE UNKNOWN SELF
INFORMATION ABOUT YOURSELF THAT NEITHER YOU NOR OTHERS KNOW
5 WAYS TO INCREASE YOUR SELF-AWARENESS
ASK YOURSELF ABOUT YOURSELF
ASK YOURSELF "WHO AM I?" TEST
IDENTIFY YOUR STRENGTHS & WEAKNESS
IDENTIFY SELF-IMPROVEMENT GOALS, "I WANT TO IMPROVE...."
LISTEN TO OTHERS
SEEING YOURSELF AS OTHERS DO
PEOPLE COMMENT IN SOME WAY, THESE COMMENTS ARE EXPLICIT
ACTIVELY SEEK INFORMATION ABOUT YOURSELF
SEEK OUT INFORMATION TO REDUCE YOUR BLIND SELF
"TELL ME ABOUT YOURSELF" OR "WHAT DO YOU THINK OF ME?"
USE EVERYDAY SITUATIONS TO GAIN SELF-INFORMATION
SEE YOUR DIFFERENT SELVES
PRACTICE SEEING YOURSELF AS DO THE PEOPLE WITH WHOM YOU INTERACT
PERIODICALLY SEE YOURSELF THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS
THE EXPERIENCE WILL GIVE YOU NEW & VALUABLE PERSPECTIVES ON YOURSELF
INCREASE YOUR OPEN SELF
WHEN REVEAL YOURSELF TO OTHERS, YOU ALSO REVEAL YOURSELF TO YOURSELF
INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD THAT A MEANINGFUL & INTIMATE DIALOGUE WILL DEVELOP
SELF-ESTEEM
A MEASURE OF HOW VALUABLE YOU THINK YOU ARE
HIGH SELF-ESTEEM, THINK HIGHLY OF YOURSELF
LOW SELF-ESTEEM, TEND TO VIEW YOURSELF NEGATIVELY
5 SUGGESTIONS FOR INCREASING SELF-ESTEEM
ATTACK SELF-DESTRUCTIVE BELIEFS
RECOGNIZE YOUR SELF-DESTRUCTIVE BELIEFS & ELIMINATE THEM
UNREALISTIC & SELF-DEFEATING
WHEN YOU TRY TO BE EVERYTHING TO EVERYONE, THEY BECOME IMPOSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE & CREATE PROBLEMS
SEEK OUT NOURISHING PEOPLE
NOURISHING PEOPLE ARE POSITIVE & OPTIMISTIC
THEY REWARD US, STROKE US & MAKE US FEEL GOOD ABOUT OURSELVES
AVOID NOXIOUS PEOPLE
THEY CRITICIZE & FIND FAULT WITH JUST ABOUT EVERYTHING
WORK ON PROJECTS THAT WILL RESULT IN PROCESS
SELECT THE PROJECTS THAT WILL RESULT IN SUCCESS
BUILD SELF-ESTEEM
MAKE THE SUCCESS A LITTLE EASIER
REMIND YOURSELF OF YOUR SUCCESS
TENDENCY TO FOCUS ON & TO EXAGGERATE THEIR FAILURES, THEIR MISSED OPPORTUNITIES & THEIR SOCIAL MISTAKES
SECURE AFFIRMATION
AFFIRMATION
POSITIVE STATEMENT ABOUT YOURSELF, STATEMENTS ASSERTING THAT SOMETHING GOOD OR POSITIVE IS TRUE OF YOU
REMIND YOURSELF OF YOUR SUCCESSES WITH AFFIRMATION
EXAMPLE OF SELF-AFFIRMATION STATEMENTS
"I AM A WORTHY PERSON"
"I AM RESPONSIBLE"
"I AM CAPABLE OF LOVING"
"I CAN ACCEPT MY PAST BUT ALSO LET IT GO"
"I CAN LEARN TO BE A MORE RESPONSIVE PARTNER"
"I WILL GET OVER MY GUILTY FEELINGS"
"I WILL STUDY MORE EFFECTIVE"
PERCEPTION IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
PERCEPTION
THE PROCESS BY WHICH WE BECOME AWARE OF OBJECTS, EVENTS, AND ESPECIALLY PEOPLE AROUND US THROUGH YOUR SENSE SIGHT, SMELL, TASTE, TOUCH & HEARING
AN ACTIVE PROCESS
NOT INACTIVE & IT INFLUENCES YOUR COMMUNICATION CHOICES
INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION
CONTINUOUS SERIES OF PROCESSES THAT BLEND INTO ONE ANOTHER
5 STAGES
STAGE 1: STIMULATION
SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
ATTEND TO THOSE THINGS THAT YOU ANTICIPATE WILL FULFILL YOUR NEEDS OR WILL PROVE ENJOYABLE
SELECTIVE EXPOSURE
EXPOSE YOURSELF TO PEOPLE OR MESSAGES THAT WILL CONFIRM YOUR EXISTING BELIEFS, CONTRIBUTE TO YOUR OBJECTIVES, OR PROVE SATISFYING IN SOME WAY
YOUR SENSE ORGANS ARE STIMULATED
STAGE 2: ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZE THE INFORMATION YOUR SENSE PICK UP
PEOPLE ORGANIZE THEIR PERCEPTIONS
ORGANIZATION BY RULES
RULE IS PROXIMITY
PHYSICALLY CLOSE TO EACH OTHER ARE PERCEIVED AS A UNIT
RULE IS SIMILARITY
THINGS THAT ARE PHYSICALLY SIMILAR (THEY LOOK ALIKE) BELONG TOGETHER & FROM A UNIT
RULE OF CONTRAST
ITEMS (PEOPLE/MESSAGES) ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER, THEY DON'T BELONG TOGETHER, TOO DIFFERENT TO EACH OTHER TO PART OF THE SAME UNIT
ORGANIZATION BY SCHEMATA
SCHEMATA
MENTAL TEMPLATES THAT HELP YOU ORGANIZE THE MILLIONS OF ITEMS OF INFORMATION YOU COME INTO CONTACT WITH EVERY DAY & THOSE YOU HAVE IN MEMORY
GENERAL IDEAS ABOUT PEOPLE, YOURSELF OR ABOUT SOCIAL ROLES
DEVELOP SCHEMATA FROM YOUR OWN EXPERIENCE
ORGANIZATION BY SCRIPTS
AN ORGANIZED BODY OF INFORMATION ABOUT SOME ACTION, EVENT OR PROCEDURE
A GENERAL IDEA OF HOW SOME EVENT SHOULD PLAY OUT, THE RULES GOVERNING EVENTS & THEIR SEQUENCE
STAGE 3: INTERPRETATION-EVALUATION
A COMBINED TERM BECAUSE THE TWO PROCESSES CANNOT BE SEPARATED
GREATLY INFLUENCED BY YOUR EXPERIENCES, NEEDS, WANTS, VALUES & BELIEFS
INFLUENCED BY YOUR RULES, SCHEMATA, SCRIPTS & GENDER
WOMEN HAVE BEEN FOUND TO VIEW OTHERS MORE POSITIVELY THAN MEN
STAGE 4: MEMORY
YOUR PERCEPTIONS ARE PUT INTO MEMORY, THEY ARE STORED & YOU MAY RETRIEVE THEM SOME LATER TIME
STAGE 5: RECALL
ACCESSING THE INFORMATION YOU HAVE STORED IN MEMORY
PEOPLE RECALL INFORMATION THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH SCHEMA, NOT SPECIFIC INFORMATION
YOU MAY RECALL INFORMATION THAT DRASTICALLY CONTRADICTS YOUR SCHEMA
IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESSES
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
A PREDICTION THAT COMES TRUES BECAUSE YOU ACT ON IT IF IT WERE TRUE
4 BASIC STEPS
YOU MAKE PREDICTION OR FORMULATE A BELIEF ABOUT A PERSON OR A SITUATION
YOU ACT TOWARD THAT PERSON OR SITUATION AS IF THAT PREDICTION OR BELIEF WERE TRUE
BECAUSE YOU ACT AS IF THE BELIEF WERE TRUE, IT BECOMES TRUE
YOU OBSERVE YOUR EFFECT ON THE PERSON OR THE RESULTING SITUATION, AND WHAT YOU SEE STRENGTHENS YOUR BELIEFS
IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORY
THE SYSTEM OF RULES THAT TELLS YOU WHICH CHARACTERISTICS GO TOGETHER
HALO EFFECT
FUNCTION
POSITIVE QUALITIES, POSSESSES OTHER POSITIVE QUALITIES
NEGATIVE QUALITIES, POSSESSES OTHER NEGATIVE QUALITIES
PERCEPTUAL ACCENTUATION
WILL LEAD YOU TO SEE WHAT YOU EXPECT OR WANT TO SEE
PERCEIVE WHAT YOU NEED OR WANT TO PERCEIVE RATHER THAN WHAT IS REALLY THERE
TO FAIL TO PERCEIVE WHAT YOU DON'T WANT TO PERCEIVE
PERCEIVE CERTAIN BEHAVIORS AS INDICATIVE THAT SOMEONE LIKE YOU SIMPLY BECAUSE YOU WANT TO BE LIKED
PRIMACY-RECENCY
PRIMACY EFFECT
WHAT COMES FIRST EXERTS THE MOST INFLUENCE
RECENCY EFFECT
WHAT COMES LAST (MOST RECENTLY) EXERTS THE MOST INFLUENCE
TENDENCY TO USE EARLY INFORMATION TO GET GENERAL IDEA ABOUT A PERSON AND TO USE LATER INFORMATION TO MAKE THIS IMPRESSION MORE SPECIFIC
INITIAL IMPRESSION IS POSITIVE
TO READILY REMEMBER ADDITIONAL POSITIVE INFORMATION
TO EASILY FORGET OR DISTORT NEGATIVE INFORMATION
TO INTERPRET AMBIGUOUS INFORMATION AS POSITIVE
CONSISTENCY
THE TENDENCY TO MAINTAIN BALANCE AMONG PERCEPTIONS OR ATTITUDES
CERTAIN THINGS TO GO TOGETHER
EXPECT
A PERSON YOU LIKED TO LIKE YOU & A PERSON YOU DISLIKED TO DISLIKED YOU
WOULD EXPECT A FRIEND TO LIKE A FRIEND & TO DISLIKE AN ENEMY
WOULD EXPECT YOUR ENEMY TO DISLIKE YOUR FRIEND & TO LIKE YOU OTHER ENEMY
ATTRIBUTION OF CONTROL
RESEARCH SHOWS THAT ANOTHER WAY IN WHICH WE FORM IMPRESSION IS THROUGH THE ATTRIBUTION OF CONTROL
SEVERAL POTENTIAL ERRORS
THE SELF-SERVING BIAS
TAKE CREDIT FOR THE POSITIVE & DENY RESPONSIBLITY FOR THE NEGATIVE
OVER ATTRIBUTION
TENDENCY TO SINGLE OUT ONE OR TWO OBVIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON & ATTRIBUTE EVERYTHING THAT PERSON DOES TO HIS ONE OR THESE TWO CHARACTERISTICS
THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
OCCURS WHEN ASSESS SOMEONE'S BEHAVIOR
OVERVALUE THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNAL FACTORS
UNDERVALUE THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS
THE EXTENT TO WHICH YOU KNOW YOURSELF
NOT KNOWN TO SELF
KNOWN TO SELF
NOT KNOWN TO SELF
KNOWN TO SELF
KNOWN TO OTHERS
KNOWN TO OTHERS
NOT KNOWN TO OTHERS
NOT KNOWN TO OTHERS
PERSON PERCEPTION
