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An elderly female patient with a history of osteoporosis, high blood…

- - - - kidney damage
      - damaged arteries not able to deliver blood to kidney tissues
    - - body retains more salt/water than it should
      - ankle swelling
      - weight gain
    - - low vitamin D levels
      - reduced glomerular filtration rate
      - low bone mineral density
- - - - unbalance of calcium and phosphorus if the kidney isn't functioning right
      - calcium and phosphorus helps build and maintain the bones
    - - cause arteries around kidneys to narrow, weaken, or harden
    - - unable to clean the kidneys properly
- - - - maintains the electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balances of the blood
      - major homeostatic organ of the body
      - manufactures urine
      - filters the blood
      - bean shaped
    - - receives urine via ureters and discharges it in the urethra
      - stores urine
      - can store up to 1L of urine
      - nerves that alert and empty the bladder
    - - carries urine from the kidneys to bladder
      - has two, one for each kidney
    - - tube that transmits urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
      - sphincter muscles
        
        controls the exit of urine
  - - - glomerulus
        
        tangle of capillary loops
        
        blood enters by afferent arterioles
        
        blood exits by efferent arterioles
      - glomerular capsule
        
        internal permeable visceral layer
        
        external impermeable parietal layer
        
        capsular space in between
    - - proximal convoluted tubule
        
        1st region
        
        simple cuboidal epithelium
        
        tubular pole of renal corpuscle
      - nephron loop
        
        contains descending and ascending limb
        
        simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous then back to simple cuboidal epithelium
      - distal convoluted tubule
        
        renal cortex at the end of ascending limb
        
        extends to collecting duct
        
        simple cuboidal epithelium without microvilli
    - - nephron drains here
      - principal cells
      - intercalated cells
    - - cortical
        
        85% of nephrons
        
        located at renal corpuscle near peripheral cortex
        
        shorter nephron loop
      - juxtamedullary
        
        longer nephron loop
        
        renal corpuscles adjacent to corticomedullary junction
  - - - takes place in glomerulus
      - water and solutes filtered from blood plasma
      - filtrate
        
        separated fluid
    - - return of components from tubular fluid to blood within peritubular and vasa recta capillaries
      - takes place mainly in proximal convoluted tubule
      - moves by diffusion, osmosis, or active transport
      - all solutes and more water reabsorbed
    - - solutes move from blood to tubular fluid
      - by active transport
  - - - porous bone disease
      - low bone mass
      - structural deterioration of bone tissue
      - weak and brittle bones
      - fractures occur often in the hip, wrist, or spine
    - - not enough insulin
      - chronic disease
      - high levels of sugar in the blood
      - also called adult onset diabetes
    - - also called high blood pressure
      - force of blood against the artery walls are too high
      - blood pressure above 140/90
      - very common