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Chapter 8: Population Dynamics in Historical & Comparative Perspective…

- - - - Demographic Transition in the Less Industrialized Countries: Today’s industrialized countries reached their maximum average annual growth rates of just above 0.5 percent per year approximately 200 years after the beginning
        of mortality declines. But the less-developed countries reached the same 1 percent levels in only 50 years, because of the high-growth potentials associated with their young populations and especially because of the rapid and wholesale innovations in mortality control.
        
        At the turn of the twenty-first century, almost every less-industrialized country had seen declines in population growth rates from their highest levels in the 1970s
- - - - Europe's Second Transition:The declining importance of marriage, increases in divorce, and growth in the
        number of nonmarital unions have resulted from and have contributed to further fertility decline, ensuring the continuation of the second demographic transition for many years to come
        
        The social-structural conditions that underlie these changes have not yet been clearly established, although some studies indicate that the emergence of individualistic values has contributed to the decline in fertility
- - - - “incipient decline.” That is, population size was still increasing but, at current rates, it would not continue to do so for long.