Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
The Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
The Reproductive System
Major Function of the Reproductive System
Female
Functions in production of female gamete (ovum or egg) and preparation for support of development embryo during pregnancy
Ovaries
Primary sex organ
Ductus System
Delivery of female gamete
Uterine (Fallopian) Tube
Uterus
Vagina
External Genitilia
Mons Pubis
Labia
Vestibule
Clitoris
Male
Functions to produce and disseminate large quantity of male game
Testes
Primary sex organ
Ductus System
Delivery of male gamete (sperm)
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
Urethra
Accessory Organ
Secondary sex organs
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Gland
External Genitilia
Penis
Scrotum
Reproduction
Process by which new individuals (offspring) of a species are produced
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving two (male and female) parents
Fertilization
Fusion of egg and sperm produces a zygote
Anatomy of the Male and Female Reproductive Structures
Male
Testes
Primary sex organs
Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules
Tightly coiled structures
Function as sperm-producing factories
Sertoil cells
Produce nutrients and supportive function
Empty sperm into the rete testes
Sperm travels through the rete testis into the epididymis
Interstitial (Leydig)
Found surrounding seminiferous tubules produce androgens (male hormone) such as testosterone
Accessory Organ
Secondary sex organs
Produces and secretes seminal fluids
Various ducts and tubes which act as delivery system for the male gamete
External genitalia made up of penis and scrotum
Covering of Testes
Tunica Albuginea
Capsule surrounding the testes
Septa
Extension of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules
Spermatogenesis
Production of the sperm cells
Beings at puberty and continues throughout life
Takes about 64 to 72 days
Produces several hundred million sperm each day
Spermatozoa (mature sperm) move to epididymis for further maturation and storage
Anatomy of the Sperm
Head
Contains nucleus with DNA inside
Acrosome
Anterior portion of head, contains enzyme needed for penetration the female egg
Midpiece
Contains mitochondria that provide energy, ATP, for journey through the female reproductive system
Flagella
Only human cells with a tail
Propels spermatocyte
Urethra
Extends from the base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis (7-8 inches long)
Carries both sperm and urine(organ of both reproductive and urinary system)
Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
Epididymis
Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube
Found on the superior part of the testis and also posterior lateral side
Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 days)
Expells sperm with the contraction of muscle of the epididymis to the vas deferens
Vas Deferens
Also called ductus deferens
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts
Passes through the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder
Moves sperm by peristalsis(forward movement)
Spermatic cord
Made up ductus deference blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
Ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra
Vesectomy
Cutting of the ductus deferens at the levels of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm
Semen
Milky white, sticky mixture of secretions from many glands
Typical ejaculation (ejection of semen) releases 2-5 mL
20-100 million spermatozoa/mL of ejaculate
Alkalinity (pH 7.2-7.6)
Provide transport medium for sperm
Inhibits bacterial multiplication
Seminal Vesicle
Produces a thick, akaline, yellowish secretion (60% of volume of semen)
Located at the base of the urinary bladder
Contains fructose (sugar), vitamin C and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm
Prostate Gland
Secrets a milky fluid that helps activates sperm (allows for locomotion)
Encircles the upper part of the urethra
Shape of chestnut and makes up 25% of semen
Bulbourethral Gland
Also called Cowper's gland
Located at the base of the penis below the prostate
Secrete on alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation, and lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation
Pre-ejaculation cleanses neutralizes the traces of acidic urine
Makes up 5% of semen
Scrotum
Divided sec of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes
Maintains testes at 3'C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability
Regulates temperature of testes for sperm viability
Penis
Tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes
Conducts urine to exterior
Delivers semen into female reproductive tract
Region of penis
Root
Attached to body wall
Shaft(body)
Free, movable portion of the penis, contains three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
Glands penis (enlarged tip)
Contains urethral opening
Prepuce (foreskin)
Fold cuff of skin around proximal end
Often removed in circumcision
Internal Structure of Penis
Pair of corpora cavernosa: surrounds blood vessels which contain most of the blood during erection (penis becomes rigid due to the engorgement of blood)
Corpora spongiosum
Surrounds the urethra
Female
Ovaries
Female gonad, paired, almond-shaped organ on either side of uterus
Fibrous capsule is called tunica albuglinea
Outer cortex houses developing female gamete, the oocyte within follicles (sac-like structure holding the oocyte)
Inner medulla contains loose connective tissue with large blood vessels and nerves
Suspensory ligament
Secure ovary to lateral walls of pelvis
Ovarian ligament
Attach to uterus
Broad ligament
Encloses suspensory ligament
Oogenesis
Process of producing ova or egg cells
Total supply of eggs are present at birth
Ovulation or ability to release eggs begins at puberty
Reproductive ability ends at menopause
Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles
Matured oocytes are called Graatian follicle just before being released
Uterine (Fallopian) Tube
Receive the ovulated oocyte
Provide a site for fertilization
Attached medially to the uterus
Regions of Uterine Tube
Infundibulum
Open end is funnel-shaped, not directly connect to ovary
Fimbriae-finger-like projections at thedistal end that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
Cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes 3-4 days)
Uterus
Located between the urinary bladder and rectum
Hollow organ
Functions of the uterus
Receive a fertilized egg
Retain the fertilized egg
Nourishes the fertilized egg
Support for Uterus
Broad Ligament
Attached the pelvis
Round Ligament
Anchor Interiorly
Uterosacral Ligament
Anchored Posteriorly
Walls of Uterus
Endometrium
Inner layer
Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses
Myometrium
Middle layer of smooth muscle
Perimetrium
Outer viscreal peritoneum (covering of abdominal organs)
Regions of Uterus
Body
Main portion
Fundus
Area where uterine tube enters
Cervix
Narrow outlet that provides into the vagina or opening into the uterus
Vagina
Extends from cervix to exterior of body
Behind bladder and in front of rectum
Serves as birth control
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
Hymen
Partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
External Genitilia
Also called the vulva
Mons Pubis
Fatty pad over the pubic area, covered by pubic hair after puberty
Labia
Skin folds around the vaginal opening
Labia Majora
Outer fold
Labia Minora
Inner fold
Vestibule
Enclosed by labia majora
Contains the opening to the urethra and greater vestibule gland or Bartholin's gland (produce mucus)
Clitoris
Contains erectile tissue
Corresponds to the male penis
Mammary Gland
Found in both sexes but ceases to develop in males
Modified sweat glands
Responsible for milk production after birth by the hormone prolactin
Milk exits through the nipple
Areola is the colored portion surrounding the nipple
Hormones of the Reproductive System
Male
Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates seminferous tubules to secrete testosterone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
At puberty stimulates setoli cells from sperm production and maturation
Both LH and FSH
Released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH
Released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
Triggered by low levels of testosterone
Controlled by negative feedback
Testosterone
Stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive
Causes secondary sex characteristics
Deepening of voice
Increased hair growth
Enlargement of skeletal muscles
Thickening of bones
Inhibin
Released by the testes when high levels of testosterone are present to release stimulate hypothalamus to relase gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnRH) to stop production of LH and FSH
Female
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle to secondary follicle
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Spike of hormone will trigger ovulation or the most mature follicle (only one)
Inhibin
Decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
Both LH and FSH
Released by anterior pituitary gland in the brain
Estrogen
Primary female sex hormone released by follicle
Low levels caused release of FSH
High levels causes release of LH and GnRH
Thickening of uterine wall
Causes secondary sex characteristics
Breast development
Skeletal muscle growth and bone thickening
Widening of hips
Appearance of bodily hair
Increase in fat beneath the skin
Onseton menses
Progesterone
Triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
Stimulates the development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
Estrogen, Inhibiti, and progesterone all released by corpus luteum (shell left after release of the mature oocyte from the mature follicle)
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycle(3)
Reproductive Cycle
Typical cycle runs 24-35 days, 28 days on the average
Two Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Occurs in the ovaries leading to the maturation and ovulation of the mature oocyte
Made up of follicular phase (before ovulation) and luteal phase (after ovulation)
Uterine Cycle
Occurs in the uterus to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum
Made up of the menstrual phase, proliferative phase (before ovulation) and secretory phase (after ovulation)
Uterine/Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation
Day 1-5
Decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to consist, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed
Bleeding last for 3-5 days
Proliferative Phase
Day 6-14
Estrogen stimulates growth of blood, vessels of the endometrium causing it to double in thickness
Thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
Secretory Phase
Day 15-28
In response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
Uterine gland enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
If pregnancy does not occur, towards the end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
Progesterone levels drop following decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
Day 1-14
Extends from the beginning of menstration until ovulation
FSH causes follicular cells develop into primary follicle
Follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicles
Only one follicle become Graafian follicle
Ovulation
Day 14
Triggered by sudden spike increases in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland
Graafian follicle releases the oocyte
Slight rise in the progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6'F
Luteal Phase
Day 15-28
When follicle expells the oocyte the empty shell becomes corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. some estrogen, and inhibit which suppresses FSH
In the absence of pregnancy, corpus rectum becomes corpus albicans causing the decreases in progesterone and estrogen
If pregnancy occurs the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
Disorders of the Reproductive System
Bacterial Vaginosis (VB)
Bacterial growth in the vagina
Bacterial vaginosis tends to affect women of childbearing age. Activities that change the balance of bacteria in the vagina, such as sexual intercourse or frequent douching, can increase a person's risk
Hepatitis
Type B
Most commonly spread by exposure to infected body fluids
How it spreads
Blood products
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Mother to her baby by pregnancy, labor, or nursing
A serious liver infection caused by type B virus that is preventable by vaccine
Type C
Infection caused by a virus that attacks the liver and leads to inflammation
Can spread by contact with contaminated blood
How it spreads
Blood products
Mother to baby by pregnancy, labor, or nursing
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Liver inflammation caused by drinking too much alcohol
Can occur in people who drink heavily for many years
Trichomoniasis
Sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite
Among the most common sexual transmitted infections. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners and not using condoms during sex
How it spreads
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Chlamydia
Common sexually transmitted infection that may not cause symptoms
Affects people of all ages but is most common in young women
How it spreads
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Mother to her baby by pregnancy, labor, or nursing
HIV/AIDS
HIV causes AIDS and interferes with the body's ability to fight infection
Can be transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids
How it spreads
Blood products
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Mother to her baby by pregnancy, labor, or nursing
Pubic Lice
An insect that is an obligate ectoparasitenof humans, feeding on blood
Found in pubic hair and can be found in other areas of the body that are covered with coarse hair
Most commonly spread through sexual intercourse, and can be possible to catch if sharing clothing and such with infected person
Gonorrhea
Sexually transmitted bacterial infection that, if untreated, may cause infertility
Regular screening can help detect instances when an infection is present despite having no symptoms
How it spreads
Having unprotected vaginal, anal,or oral sex
Mother to a baby by pregnancy, labor, or nursing
Human Papillomavirus
An infection that causes warts in various parts of the body, depending on the strain
Most common sexually transmitted infection
How it spreads
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Mother to her baby by pregnancy, labor, or nursing
Scabies
A contagious, intensely itchy skin condition caused by a tiny, burrowing mite
Contagious and spreads quickly through close physical contact in a family, school, or nursing home
How it spreads
Skin to skin contact
Genital Herpes
Common sexually transmitted infection marked by genital pain and sores
Caused by the herpes simplex virus, the disease can affect both men and women
How it spreads
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Mother to her baby by pregnancy, labor, or nursing
Syphilis
Bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact that starts as a painless sore
How it spreads
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Blood products
Mother to a baby by pregnancy, labor, or nursing