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happily married couple asking for advice on contraceptive strategies -…

- - - - ovarian follicles
        
        oocyte maturation and ovulation
      - corpus luteum
        
        secretes progesterone and estrogen
    - - has many specialized sensory receptors that provide pleasure to a female during intercourse
    - - protective structures that surround the clitoris, urinary orifice, and vaginal orifice
    - - protect the inner, more delicate and sensitive structures of the vulva
    - - secretes mucin, which forms mucus to act as a lubricant for the vagina
    - - connects with the uterus at the cervix and acts as the birth canal and the site of sexual intercourse
    - - perimetrium
        
        outermost covering and is continuous with the broad ligament
      - myometrium
        
        contains smooth muscle for uterine contraction
      - endometrium
        
        stratum basalis
        
        stratum functionalis
        
        undergoes significant proliferative and secretory changes in
        accordance with estrogen and progesterone hormone levels
    - - act to transport the ovulated secondary oocyte into the uterus and are the site of normal fertilization
    - - leads from the vagina into the uterus
    - - protection
    - - menstrual phase
        
        occurs approximately during days 1–5 of the cycle; this phase is marked by sloughing of the functional layer and lasts through the period of menstrual bleeding
      - proliferative phase
        
        follows the menstrual phase and spans approximately 6–14 days
        
        initial development of the new stratum functionalis occurs,
        which overlaps the time of the follicle growth and estrogen secretion by the ovary
      - secretory phase
        
        occurs approximately during days 15–28; during this phase, progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum results in increased vascularization and development of uterine glands
    - - follicular phase
        
        The first 13 days of a 28-day ovarian cycle
        
        during this phase, FSH and LH stimulate up to 20 primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles
      - ovulation
        
        day 14 of a 28-day ovarian cycle
        
        there is a peak in LH secretion, known as the LH surge, which causes an increase in the formation of antrum fluid; the increased pressure of the fluid forces the secondary oocyte out of the follicle
      - luteal phase
        
        remnant tissue left behind from the vesicular follicle forms the corpus luteum
        
        corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen, which stabilizes and builds up the uterine lining, preparing it for a possible implantation of the fertilized oocyte
        
        corpus luteum lasts 10–13 days, if the ovulated secondary oocyte is not fertilized; this causes a decrease and eventual cessation of the hormones secreted by the corpus luteum
      - regulated by the cycling of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus
    - - maturation of a primary oocyte into a secondary oocyte
  - - - sustentacular cells
        
        act as supporting cells for the developing
        sperm cells
        
        secrete inhibin
      - interstitial cells
        
        secrete testosterone
      - germ cells
        
        divide and produce sperm
    - - body
      - glans
      - prepuce
        
        foreskin
      - corpora cavernosa
      - corpus
        spongiosum
        
        aids in penile erection
    - - contains testis and allows the testes to hang outside the body
    - - meshwork of interconnected channels in the mediastinum testis that receive sperm from the seminiferous tubules
    - - receives sperm from the epididymis
    - - store sperm until they are fully mature and capable of being motile
    - - terminal part of the reproductive duct system
    - - secrete a viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid containing both
        fructose and prostaglandins
        
        fructose provides nutrition to the sperm
        
        prostaglandins act to dilate the female external cervical os
    - - secretes a slightly milky fluid that is weakly acidic and rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA
        
        the citric acid is nutrient for sperm health
        
        the seminalplasmin is an antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections
        
        PSA acts as an enzyme to help liquify semen following ejaculation
    - - secrete a clear, viscous mucin that forms mucus which protects the male urethra and acts a lubricant during sexual intercourse
    - - receive sperm from rete testis and dump sperm into the epididymus
  - - - avoiding sexual intercourse during ovulation
        
        25% failure rate
    - - male removes penis from the vagina before ejaculation
        
        19% failure rate
    - - T-shaped flexible plastic structures inserted into uterus and prevents fertilization
        
        1-2% failure rate
    - - oral contraceptions
      - estrogen/progestin patches
      - injected/implanted progestins
      - morning-after pill
      - mifepristone
        
        blocks progesterone receptors, inhibiting progesterone from attaching to receptors and thereby cannot maintain a pregnancy
        
        induces miscarriage when taken with prostaglandin drugs
    - - 100% effective