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An old friend has changed her diet and her body is now facing different…

- - - - Simple sugar monomers, monosaccharides
      - DIsaccharides with 2 monosaccharides
      - Polysaccharides from chains of monosaccharides
    - - Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
      - Includes triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids
    - - Formed from amino acids
      - Nonessential amino acids: able to be made in the body
      - Essential amino acids: obtained from diet
      - Complete protein: supply all essential amino acids
      - Incomplete proteins: low in 1 or more essential amino acids
  - - - Include B and C vitamins
      - Excess excreted in urine
    - - Include vitamins A, D, E, and K
      - Excess stored within fat
      - May become toxic if taken in excess
    - - May result in deficiency if intake or absorption is impaired
      - e.g., Vitamin C, Vitamin A
    - - Cofactors the body's produce and recycles as needed
      - e.g., NADH, FADH2
  - - - Present in hemoglobin, binding oxygen
      - Present in mitochondria in electron transport system binding electrons
    - - Required for formations and maintenance of skeleton
      - Required for blood clotting and exocytosis of neurotransmitters
    - - Maintains resting membrane potential in excitable cells
      - Required to generate action potential
    - - Needed to produce thyroid hormone
    - - Role in protein synthesis and wound healing
- - - - The body's main source of energy
      - Obtained from diet
        
        Starch, lactose, and sucrose
      - Glucose, the major carbohydrate providing energy
    - - Needed to protect and insulate body
      - Triglycerides: another major energy providing molecule
      - Cholesterol: Precursor molecule for formation of steroid hormone, bile salts, and fat soluble vitamins
    - - Used to build and repair tissue
      - Used to make enzymes,h hormones, and other body chemicals
      - Major source of nitrogen
        
        Needed for synthesizing nitrogen-containing molecules
        
        e.g., DNA
  - - - Iron presence in blood helps with gas excahnge
      - Calcium helps with bones and muscles
      - Sodium and potassium help with nerve impulses
- - - - e.g., age, sex, body mass, physical activity, health, and pregnancy
    - - Originally established by Food & Nutrition Board
      - Reviewed and updated periodically
      - Used for food planning, food labeling, education, ect.
  - - - Visual representation of desired proportions of food
    - - 30% grains
      - 40% vegetables
      - 10% fruits
      - 20% proteins
      - Additional section that represents diary
- - - - Insulin
        
        Major regulatory hormone released during absorptive stage
        
        Stimulates cells to form glycogen from glucose
      - Glucagon
        
        Major regulatory hormone released during postabsorptive state
        
        Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis