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Couple in 40's concerned with long term effects of contraceptive pills…

- - - - Ovarian ligaments
      - Follicles
        
        Primary
        
        Secondary
        
        Vesicular
      - Corpus luteum
    - - Infudibulum
      - Fimbraie
      - Ampulla
    - - Round ligament
      - Internal os
      - External os
      - Cervical canal
      - Fundus
      - Body
      - Cervix
      - Enometrium
      - Myometirum
      - Perimetrium
    - - Clitoris
      - Labia majora
      - Labia minora
      - Mons pubis
      - Urethral orifice
      - Vestibule
      - Vulva
    - - Suspensory ligament
      - Adipose tissue
      - Areola
      - Nipple
      - Lactiferous duct
      - Lobule
  - - - Interstitial cells
        
        Testosterone
      - Seminiferous tubules
      - Sustentacular cells
      - Spermatogonia
      - Primary spermatocytes
      - Secondary spermatocytes
      - Spermatids
      - Rete testis
      - Tunica albuginea
    - - Cremaster muscles
      - Dartos muscle
    - - Epididymis
      - Ductus deferens
      - Ejaculatory duct
    - - Seminal vesicles
      - Prostate gland
      - Bulbourethral gland
    - - Prepuce
      - Glans penis
      - Corpus cavernosum
      - Corpus spongiosum
- - - - Ovarian ligaments
        
        Anchor ovary to lateral wall of uterus
      - Follicles
        
        Primary
        
        Secrete estrogen
        
        Secondary
        
        Produce estrogen and stimulate ovulation
        
        Vesicular
        
        Ovulation
      - Corpus luteum
        
        Produces progesterone and estrogen
        
        Helps prepare for implantation
    - - Infudibulum
        
        Catches and channels release of eggs
      - Fimbraie
        
        Contraction to guide eggs
      - Ampulla
        
        Fertilization of oocyte
    - - Round ligament
        
        Support uterus in place
      - Internal os
        
        Inside opening in vagina
      - External os
        
        Outisde vagina
      - Cervical canal
        
        Direct sperm into uterus during sex
        
        Allow flow of menstrual blood from uterus into vagina
      - Fundus
        
        Used in pregnancy to determine growth rates
      - Body
        
        Nourish and fertilize
        
        Middle region
      - Cervix
        
        Help form thick mucus plug at external os
      - Endometrium
        
        Internal layer
        
        Forms placenta
        
        Provide nutrients to embryo
      - Myometrium
        
        Middle layer
        
        Contact to cause menstruation or eject child
      - Perimetrium
        
        Outer membrane of uterus
    - - Clitoris
        
        Sensory stimulation
      - Labia majora
        
        Protective and sensory
        
        Contains sweat and sebacous glands
      - Labia minora
        
        Protective and sensory
        
        Contains melanocytes and sebacous glands
      - Mons pubis
        
        Where hair grows
      - Vaginal orifice
        
        Forms hymen
        
        First instance of sex, medical exams, tampons, etc.
      - Vestibule
        
        Secrete mucin
        
        Make sex easier
      - Vulva
        
        External genitalia
    - - Suspensory ligament
        
        Support to mammary glands
      - Adipose tissue
        
        Support and protection
      - Areola
        
        Target for baby
      - Nipple
        
        Transport breast milk
      - Lactiferous duct
        
        Milk duct
        
        Drain from single lobe
      - Lobule
        
        Where milks produced
    - - Transport ovulated oocyte to uterus
      - Site of fertilization of oocyte
  - - - Interstitial cells
        
        Produce and secretion of testosterone
      - Seminiferous tubules
        
        Produce, store, maintain sperm
      - Sustentacular cells
        
        Helps produce sperm
        
        "Nurse cells" of testis
      - Spermatogonia
        
        Cells from which sperm cells arise
      - Primary spermatocytes
        
        Cells that undergo meiosis I
      - Secondary spermatocytes
        
        Form spermatids
      - Spermatids
        
        Regulator of sertoli cells during spermiogenesis
      - Rete testis
        
        Form efferent ductules
      - Tunica albuginea
        
        Provides attachment to skin over shaft of penis
        
        Ensheaths erectile tissue
    - - Cremaster muscles
        
        Relax/ contract the scrotum in response to heat and cold
      - Dartos muscle
        
        Relax/ contract the scrotum in response to heat and cold
    - - Epididymis
        
        Storage and maturation for sperm
      - Ductus deferens
        
        Pathway for sperm cells leaving epididymis
      - Ejaculatory duct
        
        Combines with urethra to conduct sperm and fluid
    - - Seminal vesicles
        
        Produce fluid contributing to ejaculate
      - Prostate gland
        
        Contributes to mucousy fluid with sugar so sperm produce ATP
        
        Counteract women's acidic reproductive system
      - Bulbourethral gland
        
        Produces mucus to coat urethra for passage of sperm
    - - Prepuce
        
        Forms a circular fold around head
      - Glans penis
        
        Tip of penis
      - Corpus cavernosum
        
        Fill with blood to cause an erection
      - Corpus spongiosum
        
        Surrounds urethra
- - - - Days 1-13
      - Primordial matures to primary follicles
      - Release inhibin against FSH
    - - Day 14
      - Release of two oocytes from ovarian follicle
      - Increase LH secretion
    - - Days 14-28
      - Ruptured follicle closes after releasing the egg
      - Forms corpus luteum
        
        Increases quantity of progesterone
  - - - Days 1-4
      - Remove functional layer of endometrium
      - Increase in FSH and LH
    - - Days 5-13
      - Develop new functional layer of endometrium
      - Overlap estrogen secretion
    - - Days 14-28
      - Increased vascularization
      - Development of uterine glands
      - Stimulated by progesterone from corpus luteum
- - - - When used properly, collect sperm and prevent them from entering the reproductive tract.
      - Condoms can rip, or not be put on properly which will further make them ineffective. Can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, or diminished sensation. Failure rate 15%
    - - Chemical barrier that kill sperm before they travel to the uterine tubes. Inserted into the vagina or placed on the penis prior to sex.
      - Burning, itching, rash or allergic reaction, doesn't prevent STD's or HIV. Failure rate 25%
    - - Structures made of rubber or silicone that are inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix prior to sex.Spermicidal gel is used around the edges to help prevent sperm entrance.
      - Some women find it difficult to insert and uncomfortable. Incorrect placement can result in sperm entering the uterus. Failure rate 20%
  - - - Pills that come in 28-day packets. First 21 pills contain low estrogen and progestin levels. Last 7 days are sugar pills. Low levels of estrogen and progestins prevent the LH "spike" needed for ovulation. During the 7 sugar pill days, the circulating levels of estrogen and progestins drop and menstruation occurs. It requires women to take a pill a day at about the same time each day.
      - If you miss one or more days of pills, ovulation may occur. Some medication may interfere with the effectiveness. Mood changes, missed periods, headaches and migraines, weight gain, decreased libido, etc. Failure rate 0.1-7%
    - - Patch placed on the body delivers a regular amount of estrogen and progestin through the skin. The patch is released each week.
      - Headache, back pain, sinus pain, vaginal itching or discharge, changes in menstrual periods, breakthrough bleeding, bloating, stomach cramps, breast pain, irritation where patch is worn, fluid retention, thinning scalp hair. Failure rate 1%
    - - Prevent ovulation and thicken the mucus around the cervix, creating a slight physical barrier to the sperm.
      - Ovulation may not occur for many months after stopping the injections. Failure rate is 0.3%
    - - Contain levonorgestrel and can be taken within 72 hours after having unprotected sex. The pills inhibit ovulation, altering the menstrual cycle to delay ovulation, or irritating the uterine lining to prevent implantation. Available over the counter
      - Nausea or vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, headache, breast tenderness, bleeding between periods or heavier menstrual bleeding, lower abdominal pain or cramps
    - - May be using during 7 weeks of pregnancy. Blocks progesterone receptors, so progesterone cannot attach to these receptors and thereby maintain pregnancy.
      - When taken with a prostaglandin drug, this can induce a miscarriage. Heavy vaginal bleeding for 2 days or spotting for up to 16 days, fever, chills, weakness, dizziness, or nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
  - - - Uterine tubes are cut and the ends are tied off or cauterized shut to prevent both sperm from reaching the oocyte and the oocyte from reaching the uterus.
      - Temperature increase, fainting spells, severe abdominal pain, fatigue, dizziness, gassiness or bloating, shoulder pain. Permanent/irreversible. Infection of the wound.
    - - Each ductus is cut, a short segment is removed, and the ends are tied off. Sperm cannot leave the testis and thus are broken down and reabsorbed.
      - Permanent/ irreversible. bleeding or blood clot inside the scrotum, blood in semen, bruising of scrotum, infection of surgery site, mild pain or discomfort, swelling, chronic pain, fluid buildup in the testicle, inflammation caused by leaking sperm, pregnancy (fail in surgery), abnormal cyst in epididymis, fluid filled sac surrounding a testicle that causes swelling in the scrotum