Birth control long term effects

Background

Male reproductive

Female reproductive system

Uterine/Ovarian cycles

Methods of contraception

Ovaries

female gonads

primary female reproductive organs

produce gametes and sex hormones

estrogen and progesterone

Ovarian ligament

anchors ovary medially to uterus

Broad ligament

suspensory ligament

mesovarium

suspends the ovary in between

anchors ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

supplied by ovarian arteries

ovarian follicles

each follicle contains a immature egg

oocyte

follicle cells

single layer

granular cells

more than one layer

Mature follicles

antral or tertiary follicle

identified by a fluid filled cavity called an antrum

during ovulation the follicle is transformed into the corpus lutuem

Uterine tubes (Fallopian Tubes)

distal end of tube curves around ovary forming ampulla

ends in open funnel shaped structure called infundibulum

supported by mesentary called mesosalpinx

Uterus

body

major portion of the uterus

fundus

rounded region superior to the entrance of uterine tubes

cervix

narrow neck that projects into the vagina

uterine wall

Perimetrium

outermost serous layer

Myometrium

bulky middle layer

comprised of smooth muscle

contracts during childbirth to expel baby

Endometrium

mucosal lining of uterine cavity

Vagina

Thin walled tube between bladder and rectum

walls consist of 3 coats

outerfibrolastic adventitia

smooth muscle muscularis

inner mucosa

hymen

mucosa near vaginal orfice

external genitalia

Vulva

mons pubis

labia majora

labia minora

vestibule

greater vestibular glands

fourchette

clitoris

glans

prepuce

body

2 fatty hair covered skin folds

fatty area overlying pubic symphasis

2 thin hairfree skin folds

releases mucous for lubrication

contains nerve endings sensitive to touch

Scrotum

sac of skin that hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity

testes

surrounded by 2 tunics

outer tunic is 2 layered tunica vaginalis

inner is tunica albuginwa

tubules

semineferous tubules

sperm factories

straight tubule

conveys sperm into the rete testis

leydig cells

produce androgens

penis

glans (head)

prepuce (foreskin)

corpus spongiosum

surrounds the urethra

corpus cavernosa

erectile tissue

Sperm travel path

epididymis

ductus deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

highly convoluted duct behind the testis

prostatic urethra

intermediate urethra

spongy urethra

runs through penis opens to outside

membranous urethra

portion surrounded by prostate

male accessory glands

seminal glands

accounts for 70 percent of semen volume production

produces many components of semen

prostate gland

secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm

Ovarian

GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion

FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones

negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release

Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release

Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release

LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

Uterine

menstrual phase

uterine sheds all but the deepest part of the endo metrium

gonadotropins begin to rise and ovarian hormones are at there lowest

proliferative phase

endometrium rebuilds itself

endometrial cells synthesize progesterone receptors

ovulation takes place at the end of this phase

Secretory phase

endometrium prepares for embryo to implant

corpus luteum produces progesterone

Birth control implant

Thin rod inserted into upper arm

releases progestin

thickens the mucus on the cervix, which stops sperm from swimming to the egg

also stop eggs from leaving the ovaries, so there’s no egg to fertilize

side effects

Headaches

Breast pain

Nausea

Weight gain

Ovarian cysts

irregular bleeding

IUD

side effects

pain when the IUD is put in

cramping or backaches for a few days after the IUD is put in

spotting between periods

irregular periods

heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps

changes the way sperm cells move so they can't get to an egg

implanted into uterus

Birth control shot

shot that contains progestin injected about every three months

side effects

nausea

weight gain

headaches

breast tenderness

depression

irregularity

lasts 3 to 12 years

lasts 3-5 years

Birth control ring

ring worn in the vagina that releases hormones to prevent sperm from getting to egg

side effects

irregularity

nausesa

headaches

Birth control patch

patch contains progestin and estrogen

side effects

irregularity

nausea

headaches

these hormones stop ovulation

Birth control pill

contains hormones that stop ovulation

side effects

nausea

irregularity

headaches

Condoms

prevent sperm ,from getting into the vagina

Upstream

Tubal litigation

permanently closes Fallopian tubes

permanent

Vasectomy

vans deferens are severed or blocked

most likely permanent

They do not want more kids

age

they want something with no side effects

Downstream

3 worst options

anything that messes with hormones

Birth control implant

birth control shots

birth control ring

patches

Theses options are temporary and have a lot of side effects

Best options

Vasectomy

permanent and effective

little to no side effects

Tube litigation

very few side effects and permanent

very effective

no change to hormones

copper IUD

less side effects because has no hormones

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