Birth control long term effects
Background
Male reproductive
Female reproductive system
Uterine/Ovarian cycles
Methods of contraception
Ovaries
female gonads
primary female reproductive organs
produce gametes and sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone
Ovarian ligament
anchors ovary medially to uterus
Broad ligament
suspensory ligament
mesovarium
suspends the ovary in between
anchors ovary laterally to the pelvic wall
supplied by ovarian arteries
ovarian follicles
each follicle contains a immature egg
oocyte
follicle cells
single layer
granular cells
more than one layer
Mature follicles
antral or tertiary follicle
identified by a fluid filled cavity called an antrum
during ovulation the follicle is transformed into the corpus lutuem
Uterine tubes (Fallopian Tubes)
distal end of tube curves around ovary forming ampulla
ends in open funnel shaped structure called infundibulum
supported by mesentary called mesosalpinx
Uterus
body
major portion of the uterus
fundus
rounded region superior to the entrance of uterine tubes
cervix
narrow neck that projects into the vagina
uterine wall
Perimetrium
outermost serous layer
Myometrium
bulky middle layer
comprised of smooth muscle
contracts during childbirth to expel baby
Endometrium
mucosal lining of uterine cavity
Vagina
Thin walled tube between bladder and rectum
walls consist of 3 coats
outerfibrolastic adventitia
smooth muscle muscularis
inner mucosa
hymen
mucosa near vaginal orfice
external genitalia
Vulva
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
vestibule
greater vestibular glands
fourchette
clitoris
glans
prepuce
body
2 fatty hair covered skin folds
fatty area overlying pubic symphasis
2 thin hairfree skin folds
releases mucous for lubrication
contains nerve endings sensitive to touch
Scrotum
sac of skin that hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity
testes
surrounded by 2 tunics
outer tunic is 2 layered tunica vaginalis
inner is tunica albuginwa
tubules
semineferous tubules
sperm factories
straight tubule
conveys sperm into the rete testis
leydig cells
produce androgens
penis
glans (head)
prepuce (foreskin)
corpus spongiosum
surrounds the urethra
corpus cavernosa
erectile tissue
Sperm travel path
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
highly convoluted duct behind the testis
prostatic urethra
intermediate urethra
spongy urethra
runs through penis opens to outside
membranous urethra
portion surrounded by prostate
male accessory glands
seminal glands
accounts for 70 percent of semen volume production
produces many components of semen
prostate gland
secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm
Ovarian
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
Uterine
menstrual phase
uterine sheds all but the deepest part of the endo metrium
gonadotropins begin to rise and ovarian hormones are at there lowest
proliferative phase
endometrium rebuilds itself
endometrial cells synthesize progesterone receptors
ovulation takes place at the end of this phase
Secretory phase
endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
corpus luteum produces progesterone
Birth control implant
Thin rod inserted into upper arm
releases progestin
thickens the mucus on the cervix, which stops sperm from swimming to the egg
also stop eggs from leaving the ovaries, so there’s no egg to fertilize
side effects
Headaches
Breast pain
Nausea
Weight gain
Ovarian cysts
irregular bleeding
IUD
side effects
pain when the IUD is put in
cramping or backaches for a few days after the IUD is put in
spotting between periods
irregular periods
heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps
changes the way sperm cells move so they can't get to an egg
implanted into uterus
Birth control shot
shot that contains progestin injected about every three months
side effects
nausea
weight gain
headaches
breast tenderness
depression
irregularity
lasts 3 to 12 years
lasts 3-5 years
Birth control ring
ring worn in the vagina that releases hormones to prevent sperm from getting to egg
side effects
irregularity
nausesa
headaches
Birth control patch
patch contains progestin and estrogen
side effects
irregularity
nausea
headaches
these hormones stop ovulation
Birth control pill
contains hormones that stop ovulation
side effects
nausea
irregularity
headaches
Condoms
prevent sperm ,from getting into the vagina
Upstream
Tubal litigation
permanently closes Fallopian tubes
permanent
Vasectomy
vans deferens are severed or blocked
most likely permanent
They do not want more kids
age
they want something with no side effects
Downstream
3 worst options
anything that messes with hormones
Birth control implant
birth control shots
birth control ring
patches
Theses options are temporary and have a lot of side effects
Best options
Vasectomy
permanent and effective
little to no side effects
Tube litigation
very few side effects and permanent
very effective
no change to hormones
copper IUD
less side effects because has no hormones
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