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Avian Respiratory Physiology - Coggle Diagram
Avian Respiratory Physiology
anatomy
upper
trachea
2.7x longer and 1.3x wider than mammals
4.5x more dead space
solution: decreased respiratory frequency
may take strange courses for vocalizations
syrinx
at tracheal bifurcation
more elborate muscle attachments = more diversity of sounds
removal of fungal granuloma
air sac cannuli
bronchi
complete tracheal rings
no laryngeal vocal chords
no epiglottis
choanal cleft
opening between nasal and oral cavity
lower
order of airway branching
air capillaries
gas exchange occurs in air capillaries
no alveoli
supports migratory altitutdes
unidirectional
50-80% of blood in avian lung in contact with gas exchange
20% in mammals
parabronchus thravels through complex chambers that branch into atrium, infundibulum, and air capillaries
cross current system
gradients created
air moves in opposite direction of blood flow
very thin membrane
50% thinner than mammals
very narrow
very closely associated with blood capillaries
parabronchi
sometimes referred to as tertiary bronchi
completes respiratory loops
connect dorsal and ventral 2ndary bronchi
primary
secondary
atria
infundibuli
air sacs
usually 9
moves air
no gas exchange
diverticula can enter long bones
lost in necropsy quickly
thin membrane
like saran wrap
abdominal airsacs are largest
rigid, attached lungs
no lung distention
little expansions and contraction
removal
must be peeled off from ribs
inspiration and expiration require intercostal and muscle activity
don't hold birds by thorax!
mesobronchi
no diaphragm
paleopulmonic systems vs neopulmonic
physiological consequences
little mixing of inspired and expired gas
[O2] in pulonary venous blood exceeds PEO2 expired gas
blood PCO2 is lower at gas exchange level
no reservoir of within lung
respiration and two-cycle air movement
takes two cycles to remove air from initial breath
steps
bolus of air enters posterior air sacs
inspiration
expiration
bolus air rolls through parabronchi for gas exchange
inspiration
bolus of air move to anterior air sac
expiration
bolus of air exits through trachea
regulation of breathing
CO2 receptors regulate intra-tidal volume
central chemoreceptors
aterial chemoreceptors in carotid body
intrapulomary chemoreceptors
located in parabronchi
asymmetric distrubution
regulates intra-tidal respiration
volume
frequency
stimulated by decreased in PCO2 in air or blood
reduce ventilation
possible adaption for extreme environment
skin proprioreceptors
spinal thermoreceptors
air sac mechnoreceptors
basic functions
supply oxygen
remove CO2
thermoregulate
acid-base balance
vocalization
possibly courtship