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1.Language and Linguistics - Coggle Diagram
1.Language and Linguistics
word to speak:
Speaking is unique to humans
general, biological ability to articulate and understand
langage
Do you speak Hungarian
the knowledge of a particular system of rules (a code)
langue
langue is a system of conventional vocal signs by means of which human beings communicate
sounds
phonetics/phonology
when words change internally
morphology
vocabulary
lexicology
meaning
semantics
combination/clauses/sentences
syntax
texts
text linguistics
contextual meaning/social message
pragmatics
Variations in time/Social Groups/Space
variational linguistics
you'd better speak to her yourself
the individual event of using such a code to a communicative purpose
parole
language
language is rule governed
language uses physical events to carry non-physical content
language has certain functions for individuals and societies
sign
something stands for something else
signifiant & signifie
standing for works based on
similarity
icon
cause and effect
index
symbol
based on arbitrary Convention
most linguistic signs are symbols
human design features of natural languages
Arbitrariness
Vocal-Auditory channel
Discreteness
economic arrangement of words and contextualising
Displacement
Talking in tenses, about different places etc.
Cultural Transmission
openness -> creativity
Aspects of Language and field of linguistics
language as a structure
language as a cultural and social phenomenon
language as a biological phenomenon
practical applications
Ways of approaching language
vs
prescriptive
approach
contains subjective valuation
descriptive
approach
neutral description
vs
introspective
opinion/ subjective p.o.v.
empirical statements
based on evidence
vs
synchronic
looking at states/single point of time
diachronic
statement involving historical/temporal
evolvement
Structuralist Paradigm
A set of assumptions,questions and methods that defines a scientific tradition
Structuralist science describes systems in terms of the relations that hold between their elements
each level of language seen as self contained sub-system of elements
the status(value,valeur) of each element within the system is defined by its relations to the other elements
horizontal chain relation elements co-occuring in a linear sequence form a syntagm
paradigmatic relations
a set of choices
Most ling. after saussure have been mroe interested in the function and distribution of the elements of language, LESS on material realisation(like material and chemical/scientific aspects)
Conclusions
The Value of an element within a system depends on the way it interacts with other elements
even phenomena that are very similar or historically related in their substance can have a very different functional statur across different systems
Loss of a sound from a sequence
elision
gooseberry is pronounced with /z/ while goose has /s/
assimilation
insertion of a sound into a sequence
epenthesis
Human Language consists of smallest units that can be combined into more complex ones
DISCRETENESS