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EXTERNAL GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES - Coggle Diagram
EXTERNAL GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES
ICE
2 erosion processes
1- Plucking: The glacier pulls out loose material and fragmented rock from the walls
2- Abrasion: The rock fragments stuck in the ice cut the walls and the floor of the glacial valley
Types of glacier
1- Alpine glaciers: are found in mountain ranges at high elevations
2- Continental glaciers: cover enormous areas in polar regions
Glaciar landforms
U-shaped valley
Hanging valley
Lake
Arete
Horn
Definition of
Glacier: to refer to a thick mass of ice that moves over land
Iceberg: is a large piece of ice that has broken off a glacier and fallen into a lake or the sea
Depositional landforms
Lateral moraines
Medial moraines
Terminal moraines
Parts of the ALPINE Glacier
Cirque: has a rounded shape. This is where the snow accumulates and is transformed into ice
Glaciar valley: the channel where the ice descends
Terminal zone: is the lowest section. The ice melts and the material carried by the glacier is deposited
SEA
Landforms caused by erosion
Wave-cut platforms: these horizontal áreas of rock form near the foot of cliffs
Natural bridges: from tracks or weaker zonas that rodee more quickly than the surrounding rock
Cliffs: are almost vertical masas of rock that separate land and sea
Headlands and bays: form rugen coastlines in places where the coast is made up of alternating sections
Seastacks are the remains of former headlands that are no longer conectes to the mainland
2 methods for transport eroded material
Waves: drag material and makes the particles rounder and smaller
Longshore drift: oscura when the direction of the Wind and the Waves causes the sea water to transport material
Two water movements causing EROSION
Tides: are oscillations in the sea level
Waves: are caused by the action of the Wind on the surface of the water
Landforms caused by deposition
Spits: and sandbars that are attached
Deltas: are deposits that forms at the mouths of rivers
Tombolos: are deposits that connect a seastack to the mainland
Marshes: both salt water and freshwater
Lagoons: are coastal bodies of water
Beaches: are deposits of sand or gravel along the coastline
Sandbars: are sand deposits that form elongated islands
WIND
Erosional landforms
Mushroom rocks: As wind abrasion is more intense closer to the ground than it is higher up
Honeycombs: When low density or heterogeneous rock is exposed to the impact of sand carried by the wind
Desert pavement: This is caused by the sweeping effect of deflation on the desert surface
Definitions of...
1- Deflaction: The wind detaches and removes loose particles from the surface of the Earth
2- Abrasion: The impact and friction of this material on rocks polishes and wears away of them
Two conditions of erosion
Presence of loose material: The wind cannot move solid rock, or large fragments
Absence of vegetation: Plant roots help hold the soil in place, making it difficult for wind erosion to occur
Depositional landforms
Dune: Is a mound of sand that has been transported by the wind
Loess: Is an expensive deposit of fine-grained particulate matter