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8.2 air pollution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - forms from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
        
        fires
        
        stoves
        
        fossil fuels
        
        motor vehicles
    - - forms from burning hydrocarbons
        
        forest fires
        
        fossil fuels
      - climate change
  - - - internal combustion engines
      - coal burning power
      - industrial plants
      - form photochem smog
    - - fertilizers
      - burning fossil fuels
      - climate change
    - - NOx combine w water vapor
      - acid decomposition
        
        acid rain
        
        acidification
        
        soil
        
        lakes
  - - - cumbustion of coal
      - smelting of ores
      - lung irritation
    - - SO2 reacts w water vapor
      - acid decomposition
  - - - 2/3
        
        dust
        
        wildifres
        
        sea salt
      - 1/3
        
        coal burning power
        
        industrial plants
        
        motor vehicles
        
        wind erosion from exposed topsoil
        
        road construction
      - irritate/damage respiratory system
        
        cause cancer
        
        genetic mutations
  - - - methane emissions
        
        natural resources
        
        plants
        
        wetlands
        
        termites
    - - methane emissions
        
        human sources
        
        ricepaddles
        
        landfills
        
        natural gas wells/pilines
        
        cows
  - - - immunotoxic
        
        damages plants
- - - - fossil fueled power plants
      - factories
    - - cars
      - ships
      - planes
- - - - most dense
    - - nitrogen 78%
      - oxygen 21%
      - argon 0.93%
      - CO2 0.04%
      - water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, dust, soot particles
  - - - less water vapor
        
        high concentration of ozone (ozone layer)
  - - - winds, air currents, CO2 (climate)
    - - CO2
        
        CH4
        
        N2O
        
        ozone
        
        oxygen interacts w UV radiation
        
        stops 95% of sun UV
    - - animal disgesting
        
        decomposition
- - - - coal burning power plants
      - metal ore
      - smelters
      - oil refineries
      - industrial facilities
    - - sulfur dioxide
      - suspended particles
      - nitrogen oxides
    - - sulfuric acid
      - nitric acid vapor
      - sulfate
      - nitrate
      - salts
  - - - damages stone/concrete structures
      - contributes to respiratory diseases in humans
      - lowers pH of freshwater ecos
      - lowers pH of soils, crops and plants
      - acids dissolve metals=leaching
        
        nutrients
        
        calcium
        
        magnesium
        
        mountain tops more vulnerable
    - - preventive approaches
        
        US clean air act
        
        full cost pricing of coal generated electricity and industrial products
      - probs
        
        soils and lakes still acidic after decades of accumuation
        
        lime
        
        coal industry still resists regulation
        
        people/ecosystems affected by acid dep often are downwind from sources
- - - - coal no longer burned in homes
      - coal burning power.industrial plants generally banned from urban centers
      - smoke stacks ensure emissions released into winds high up
  - - - ground level ozone O3
      - other photochem oxidants
        
        ozone
        
        nitric acid
        
        aldehydes
        
        peroxyacl nitrates
      - aldehydes
      - other secondary pollutant
    - - gravity, precipitation, ocean spray, pull particles, pollutants to ground
      - winds, disperse and dilute pollutants to safe levels
      - natural chem reactions
    - - urban building, hills, mountains
      - high temps
      - grasshopper effect
      - air invensions
- - - - irritating carcinogen
        
        make furniture, drapes, carpet, foam insulation
    - - decay or uranium 238
        
        underground deposits of minerals
        
        uranium
        
        phosphate
        
        shale
        
        granite
- - - - electrostatic precipitator removes particulates
        
        uses lots of electricity
        
        store toxic dust
      - wet scrubbers remove particulates
        
        water usage
        
        store toxic sludge