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Organizing Homeland Security 1200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department…
Organizing Homeland Security 
Bureaucratic Complexity
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thousands of local police dept. 50 state police agencies, each has its own rules, regulation and policies- US law enforcement is composed of 12,000 small to large bureaucracies- not conducive to information sharing
bureaucracy: governmental, private sector, non-profit organization. It assumes that people organize in a hierarchy to create an organization that will solve problems.
Reforming Bureaucracy - 1978 Civil Service Reform Act: prevent political interference with the discussions and actions of the government.
Government Management reform Act of 1994: to prevent political interference in the management of federal governmental organizations and to increase the efficiency of management.
Bureaucratic Problems
Federal Rivalries CIA vs FBI, disputes between CIA and military about information coming out of Iraq, CIA refuse to share information with JTTF before 9/11
engage in competation, self-interest rather than overall mission
FBI vs Locals = Many state and local police believes that FBI will act only in its own interest. Many police officers believe the FBI assist local agencies so that they can claim credit for any resulting success. Many FBI agents believe their performance is far superior to that other federal, state, and local officers.
Local Control and Revenue Sources - de facto concentration of police power =erode civil rights. Unequal and questionable distribution of homeland security money ( Kentucky received $36,000 feds money to keep terrorist from filtrating bingo halls)
Legal Bureaucracy- justice system is like a wedding cake model rather than a smooth flow among police, courts, and corrections.
Bureaucratic Solutions
actionable intelligence- information that law enforcement agencies, military units, or other security forces can use to prevent an attack or operation. -forwarded to NCTC ---intelligence product is the outcome or output of analyzed information that can be used by law enforcement agencies, military units, or security forces to take an immediate actions.
Preparing for Successful law enforcement processes= Terrorism Screening Center (TSC) is a multi agency operation in West Virginia that evaluates information gathered from a variety of governmental sources. Law enforcement personnel thorough training and awareness, were recognizing possible indicators and warning signs of terrorism, then police reported the information and being shared by fusion centers and other Intel agencies.
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Border Protection
Policy Disputes- DHS fingerprinting and photographing policy to visitors only applied to countries that are not allies. more than 500 million cross US border each year, 330 million of them are foreigners. The old bureaucratic procedures leave borders unprotected
The immigration debate- Diminyatz says that the failure to protect southern border presents 4 major security threats 1. terrorism and weapons of mass destruction 2. drug trafficking 3. human smuggling 4. infectious disease.
Border Security: Critique and reform- Flynn says America has made 2 crucial mistakes 1. homeland security has been separated from national security 2. the infrastructure is vulnerable to attacks. sea is most likely route for smuggling and oceans represents opportunity for terrorist.
Infrastructure Protection
Information, energy, communication, transportation, and economic system are vulnerable to terrorist attack.
Private Versus governmental partnership- federal failed to give funds to state and local governments- federal does little to assist private security. Computer system are vulnerable to cyber attack, if electrical grids and computer are under attacks the transportation and communications are shut downs.
The need of private partnership- 1. the police should be linked to the security forces already associated with infrastructure functions. 2. state and local law enforcement agencies must establish formal and informal networks with the organizations in their jurisdictions, and these networks should expand to a cooperative federal system.
Thinking Internationally- to combat terrorism, security forces require a groups of people with abstract reasoning skills, knowledge of international politics and history, and specialized expertise in particular region.
Responding to Disasters- emergency response plans: preparations by any agency to deal with natural, accidental, or human made disaster.