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A heathy couple in their 40s want to use other contraceptive strategies…

- - - - no pleasure
  - - - effectiveness varies between couples
      - doesn't protect people from sexually transmitted infections
      - need to track menstrual cycles for at least 6 months before the method can be considered reliable
    - - free or low cost
      - no side effects
      - 75% to 87% effective
  - - - takes a lot of control for a man and no control for women
        
        highest failure rate
      - doesn't offer protection from sexually transmitted infections
    - - free
      - no side effects
  - - - failure rates are higher than most other methods
      - uncomfortable sexual experience
      - some people develop allergies to spermicides
    - - does not affect a woman's or man's future fertility
      - do not affect other health conditions
      - less expensive
      - condoms are best protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases
  - - - lasts a long time
      - very effective
        
        less than 1% chance of getting pregnant if used correctly
      - inexpensive
        
        after the initial cost of insertion, there are no more costs for 3 to 10 years
    - - doesn't protect people from getting sexually transmitted infections
      - insertion can be painful
      - certain IUD brands can affect female's menstruation
  - - - reduced bleeding and cramping with periods
      - fewer periods
      - 99% effective, when used properly
    - - does not protect against sexually transmitted infections
      - may delay return of normal cycle
      - must be taken everyday
      - may cause side effects like nausea, breast tenderness, irregular spotting, weight gain, mood changes, or headaches
      - blood clots are potential risk
  - - - no "serious" side effects
      - can reduce pregnancy up to 87%
      - convenient
    - - effective for limited amount of time
      - does not protect people from sexually transmitted infections
      - not suitable for some women
      - if person vomits within 3 hours of taking the pill, must take the the pill again
      - not suitable for some women
        
        women with liver problems or gut absorption
        
        women who takes medicines to treat epilepsy
        
        women with severe uncontrolled asthma
  - - - less than 1% gets pregnant
      - doesn't affect their hormones
      - lowers chance of ovarian cancer
    - - does not protect people from sexually transmitted infections
      - can lead to and ectopic pregnancy
        
        fetus grows in fallopian tubes if fertilization occurs
      - risks in surgery
      - permanent, reversible in some case
  - - - sperm unable to leave testis
    - - nearly 100 % effective
        
        tubes rejoin and pregnancy could happen
      - simple procedure
    - - swelling, bruising, inflammation, and infection
      - does not protect people from sexually transmitted infections
      - could increase prostate cancer
      - permanent, reversible in some case
- - - - female only has one partner
        
        she likely won't get pregnant
        
        they are also healthy
        
        little to no risk of getting sexually transmitted diseases/infections
  - - - may have experienced or close to experience menopause
        
        after menopause, she will not get pregnant ever again
        
        practice abstinence until then
  - - - can be in place for years
- - - - seminiferous tubule
        
        produces sperm
      - epididymis
        
        ductus deferens
        
        ejaculatory duct
        
        urethra
        
        sends sperm outside the body
        
        carry sperm to urethra
        
        tube that carry sperm to the ejaculatory duct
        
        matures the sperm
      - leydig cells
        
        secrete testosterone
  - - - produces oocytes, progesterone, and estrogen
      - uterine tubes
        
        uterus
        
        vagina
        
        receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum
        
        site where it receives ovulated oocyte and where fertilization occur
- - - - about 20 primordial follicles stimulated to mature by LH and FSH
        
        few primary follicles turn into secondary follicles
        
        usually only on turns to vesicular follicle
    - - release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle
      - usually only one ovary ovulates each month
      - induced with peak LH secretion
    - - corpus luteum
        
        secrete progesterone and estrogen
        
        life span of 10 to 13 days if oocyte not fertilized
        
        builds up uterine lining, prepares for fertilized oocyte
        
        if secondary oocyte is fertilized and implants
        
        called pre-embryo
        
        starts secreting human chronic gonadotropin (hCG)
        
        mimics LH effects
        
        stimulates corpus luteum to continues poducing estrogen and progesterone
        
        1 more item...
      - corpus luteum regression
        
        causes drop in secreted progesterone and estrogen
        
        causes shedding of uterine lining, menstruation
- - - - primordial follicle
        
        single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
        
        meiosis begins but arrests at prophase I
        
        primary follicle
        
        begins in puberty
        
        primary oocyte with layers of cuboidal follicular cells
        
        secretes estrogen as it matures
        
        secondary follicle
        
        primary oocyte with multiple layers of granulosa cells
        
        also contains fluid filled space called antrum
        
        completes meiosis I and forms 2 cells
        
        vesicular (mature) follicle
        
        one formed per month
        
        arrested in second meiotic metaphase
        
        2 more items...
        
        secondary oocyte with numerous layers of granulosa cells, and fluid filled antrum
        
        polar body (nonfunctional)
  - - - primary oocyte
        
        undergo mieiosis I
        
        secondary oocyte
        
        undergo meiosis II
        
        ova
        
        production occur only in fetus
        
        produces 7 million after birth
        
        due to apoptosis, 300,000 to 400,000 remain
        
        about 1000 oocytes undergo apoptosis for every one ovulation
        
        experience menopause around age of 45 to 55
        
        3 more items...
- - - - degeneration of corpus luteum and dramatic drop in progesterone
      - without progesterone, sloughs off functional layer
- - - - 75% to 87% effective
  - - - blood clots
        
        especially bad for older people