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A happy married couple in early 40's seeking advice on contraceptive…
A happy married couple in early 40's seeking advice on contraceptive strategies
Background Information
Anatomy of reproductive system
Male reproductive system
Reproductive organ
Testes
Carry gametes away from gonads
outside the body
Male gamete
Sperm
Spermatogonia
Diploid cells close to seminiferous tubule
Surrounded by cytoplasm of sustentacular cell
Germ cells that develop sperm
Spermatogenesis
Occurs in seminiferous tubule
It starts during puberty with level of FSH and LH
Process of production of sperm
Primary spermatocyte
Diploid cells undergo meiosis
Secondary spermocytes
Haploid cells, only 23 chromosomes
Closer to seminiferous tubule
Two cells produced from meiosis I (by primary spermatocyte )
Spermatid
Haploid cells closer to seminiferous tubule
Appears circularly
Formed when secondary spermatocyte complete meiosis II
Spermiogenesis
Tail
: forms from organized microtubules
Acrosome cap
: Digestive enzymes that forms over nucleus
Spermatozoa
: Mature spermatid
Final stage of spermatogenesis
Female reproductive system
Reproductive organ
Ovaries
Carry gametes away from gonads
to site of fertilization
Female gamete
Oocytes (eggs)
Ovarian follicles
Oocytes surrounded by follicle cells
Support the oocyte
Thousands of oocyte are found in cortex
Secondary follicle
3 more items...
Primordial follicle
3 more items...
Primary follicle
4 more items...
Corpus luteum
3 more items...
Vesicular follicle
5 more items...
Gonads
Gametes
Sex cells
Takes place during copulation
Unite at fertilization
Gametogenesis
Produce both male and female gametes
Begin with meiosis
Process of formation of sex cells
Hereditary information
23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells
Haploid cells
Unpaired number of chromosome
Produce sex cells from sex
23 chromosomes by itself
Diploid cells
23 pair of chromosomes
Has 2n (unpaired chromosome number) chromosome
Sex chromosomes
Discover the gender
One chromosome pair inherited from each parent
Have two chromosomes either two X or either one X or Y
Autosomes
Determine eye color
Homologous chromosomes
Genes code for cellular function
Overview
Meiosis
Haploid daughter cells
Cross over
Four daughter cells, different from parent
Sex cell division
Mitosis
Production of two daughter cells identical to parent
Diploid cells
Somatic cell division
Does not cross over
Male gametogenesis
Starts spermatogenesis at puberty
Male spermatocytes are produced throughout the life
4 sperm cells are produced in males
Female gametogenesis
Oocytes arrested in meiosis before birth
Only reproduce until menopause
In female only a single oocyte is produced
Functions of reproduction system
Male reproductive system
Produce and secrete male sex hormones
Discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract
Produce, maintain, transport, and nourish sperm
Female reproductive system
Provides a site for fertilization
Produce eggs for reproduction
Give birth to a baby, and breastfeeds a baby after birth
Contraceptive methods
Barrier methods
Permanent contraception
Hormonal contraception
Emergency contraception
Long-acting reversible contraception
Fertility awareness
Side effects
Bleeding between periods, or spotting
Headaches
Nausea
Breast tenderness
Weight gain
Mood swings
Working
Prevent your ovaries from releasing eggs or prevent sperm from getting to the egg.
Events of the Uterine cycle
Changes in endometrial lining and based on 28 day uterine cycle
Proliferative phase
Develops new functional layer
Overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion
Days 6-14 of 28 day cycle
Secretory phase
Increase in the secretion of progesterone
Increase in uterine gland development and vascularization
Days 15-28 of 28 day cycle
Non-occurance of fertilization
Menstrual phase
Shedding off of the functional layer
Lasts through menstrual bleeding
Day 1-5 of 28 day cycle
Events of the ovaraian cycle
Produce monthly sequence of events (3 phases)
Ovulation
One ovary ovulates each month
Induces in LH secretion
Occurs on day 14 of 28 day cycle
Antrum increases in size and swelling
Secondary oocyte release from mature follicle
Expands and makes ovarian surface thin and it ruptures
Luteal
Secrete progesterone and estrogen
10-13 days of life span
Temporary endocrine gland
Occurs on the day 15-28 of cycle
Menstruation
End of luteal phase
Follicle cells
Follicular
Others cells receive bulk of cytoplasm that derives from primary oocyte
Polar body
Primary oocyte in follicle finishes meiosis I and forms two cells
20 primordial follicles increase to maturity by LH and FSH
1-13 days of 28-day ovarian cycle
Downstream effects
Best options
Diaphragm
A safe and hormone free barrier method
Hormone shots
It is safe and can prevent birth for up to three months
Condoms
Use of condom is one the safest method to prevent birth
Worst options
Use of Items such as lemons and mercury
It can cause urinary tract infection and can burn and damage reproductive system
Plastic bags
Use of plastic bag on behalf of condom can be harmful is not effective at all as it does not work as condoms
Birth control pills
It is safe but it can cause infection and can disturb other cycles and functions other than preventing birth
Causes
The reproductive system of the couple as by age the system becomes less effective
Age is an important factor and to be considered for birth control