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Reproduction A healthy, happily married couple in their early 40s has…

- - - - Process of forming human sex cells
        
        cells termed gametes
        
        Female gametes
        
        secondary oocytes (eggs)
        
        Male gametes
        
        Sperm
        
        Begin with type of cell division, meiosis
    - - Starts with diploid parent
        
        Produces haploid daughter cells,gametes
        
        Begins with diploid parent cell in gonad(ovary or testis)
        
        must undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes
      - Meiosis cycle
        
        Interphase
        
        Prophase 1(early)
        
        Prophase 1 (Late)
        
        Metaphase 1
        
        Anaphase 1
        
        1 more item...
    - - somatic cell division
        
        Produces two daughter cells genetically identical to parent
        
        Diploid daughter cells
        
        No crossing over
  - - - Testes
    - - Ovaries
    - - Ducts to carry gametes away from gonads
        
        Towards site of fertilization(females)
        
        Toward outside of body(males)
  - - - Cyclical changes in endometrial lining
        
        Influenced by estrogen and progesterone
        
        Timeline based on 28 day uterine cycle,but varies(21-35 day)
        
        Menstrual phase
        
        Days 1-5 of cycle
        
        Sloughing off of the functional layer
        
        Last through period of menstrual bleeding
        
        Proliferative phase
        
        Days 6-14 of cycle
        
        Development of new functional layer of endometrium
        
        1 more item...
        
        Secretory phase
        
        Increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum
        
        Increases vascularization and uterine gland development
        
        Days 15-28 cycle
    - - monthly sequence of events
        
        3 phases
        
        Follicular
        
        Days 1-13 of 28 day ovarian cycle
        
        Ovulation
        
        Release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle
        
        Occurs on day 14 of 28 day cycle
        
        Usually only one ovary ovulates each month
        
        Induced with peak in LH secretion
        
        Antrum increases in size and swelling
        
        Expands until ovarian surface thins
        
        Eventually ruptures,expelling secondary oocyte
        
        Luteal
        
        Remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum
        
        Occurs on days 15-28 of cycle
  - - - only 100% way to prevent pregnancy
    - - avoid sex during ovulation time
    - - pull out before ejacultation
        
        high failure rate
    - - Prevent sperm from reaching uterine tubes
        
        Condoms
        
        Spermicidal gels
        
        diaphragms
    - - flexible plastic structures inserted into uterus
        
        Copper or synthetic progesterone to help prevent implantation
    - - Prevent LH spike and ovulation
    - - inhibit ovulation
        
        Taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse
    - - Surgically cutting uterine tubes and tying off ends
      - Prevents sperm from reaching uterus
    - - Outpatient procedure
      - Ductus deferens cut,segment removed,ends tied
      - Sperm unable to leave testis
- - - - Highest risk of STIs
    - - high failure rate
    - - have to time period perfectly
  - - - Condoms help prevent spread of STIs but not 100% effective
    - - flexible, Implanted in the uterus
    - - outpatient procedure