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A married couple in there early forties is seeping advice on contraceptive…

- - - - Withdrawal method: pull out before ejaculation; high failure rate
        
        Barrier methods: prevent sperm from reaching uterine tubes (condoms, spermicidal gels, diaphragms)
        
        Intrauterine Device (IUD): flexible plastic structure inserted into the uterus. Copper or synthetic progesterone to help prevent implantation
        
        Oral contraceptives or estrogen/ progestin patches: prevent LH spike and ovulation
        
        Morning after pills: inhibit ovulation; taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse
        
        Tubal ligation: surgically cutting uterine tubes and tying off ends; prevents sperm from reaching uterus
        
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  - - - Barrier method: increased risk for UTI if using diaphragm or spermicide
        
        Barrier method: leaving diaphragm or cervical cap in longer for 24 hours increases risk of toxic shock syndrome
        
        Barrier method: people may have allergies to chemicals used in spermicide creams
        
        Vasectomy: side effects include bleeding or blood clot in scrotum, blood in semen, swelling and infections of surgical site
        
        Tubal ligation: bowel, bladder or damage to major blood vessels. also continued pelvic and abdominal pain
        
        IUD: some effects include pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine perforation and expulsion. Smaller side effects include symptoms of PMS, shorter periods and irregular bleeding.
        
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- - - - Uterine cycle: lining of uterus builds up and then sloughs off
        
        Menstruation: sloughing off of uterine lining during the first days of menses
        
        Proliferation: after menstruation the uterine lining grows again and prepares for implantation of embryo
        
        Capillary beds supply the tissue with nutrients.
        
        Just before menstruation capillary beds degenerate.
        
        No longer delivering nutrients: the tissue dies
        
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  - - - A primary oocyte is a diploid and is arrested in prophase 1 of meiosis.
        
        Follicle cells surround each primary oocyte making up a follicle.
        
        During the first seven days of the cycle 6-12 primary oocyte begin mature.
        
        As follicles develop the follicle cells communicate with oocytes and pass nutrients through gap junctions.
        
        Oocytes grow larger and follicle cells divide to produce thousands of cells in a follicle.
        
        By day 7 all but one of developing follicles begin to degenerate.
        
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  - - - Step 2: FSH is released from the anterior pituitary gland into blood. This stimulates follicle development in ovaries.
        
        As follicles mature they start releasing estrogen and inhibin into blood.
        
        Step 3: estrogen concentrations increase in blood causing an increase in GnRH production.
        
        Also causes endometrium to develop and regenerate which starts the proliferation phase.
        
        Lastly in step 3 inhibin concentrations increase in blood which inhibits further release of FSH.
        
        Step 4: increased GnRH production stimulates the release of LH into the blood
        
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- - - - 1) root: attaches to wall of abdomen
        
        2) glands: (head) covered with loose layer called foreskin
        
        3) body or shaft: contains 3 internal chambers made up of erectile tissue
        
        Scrotum: loose, pouch like sac of skin that hangs behind penis
        
        It contains testicles as well as many nerve and blood vessels. Also contains muscles for tightening and relaxing.
        
        Testicles: lie in the scrotum secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord
        
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  - - - Ejaculatory ducts: formed by fusion of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles
        
        Urethra: carries urine from bladder to outside of body and expels semen
        
        Seminal vesicles: sac like pouches that attach to vas deferens near base of bladder
        
        Prostate gland: walnut sized structure located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum
        
        Bulbourethral glands: pea sized structures located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate
  - - - labia minora: lie inside labia major and surrounds openings to the vagina and urethra
        
        Bartholin's gland: located next to vaginal opening on each side and produce a mucus secretion
  - - - uterus: pear shaped organ that is home to a developing fetus
        
        Divided into two parts: the cervix (lower part) and the corpus (main body)
        
        ovaries: small, oval shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus
        
        Fallopian tubes; narrow tubes attached to the upper part of the uterus and serves as a pathway for ova from ovaries to uterus
- - - - The spongelike erectile tissue contains large spaces that fill with blood and allows for erection.
        
        Scrotum: protective function and acts as climate control system for testes
        
        For normal sperm development the testes must be at a temperature cooler than the bodies temperature.
        
        Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allows for contraction and relaxation which moves testicles closer for warmth or farther to become cooler.
        
        Testicles: responsible for making tester one the primary male sex hormone and producing sperm
        
        Seminiferous tubules: responsible for producing sperm through spermatogenesis
        
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  - - - ejaculatory ducts: empty into urethra
        
        Urethra: expels semen when penis is erect. the flow of urine is blocked from urethra allowing semen to ejaculate
        
        Seminal vesicles: produce sugar rich fluid that provides sperm with a source of energy and motility
        
        This fluid makes up most of the ejaculatory fluid.
        
        prostate gland: contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Helps nourish sperm.
        
        Bulbourethral glands: produce fluid that empties directly into urethra
        
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  - - - Ova is produce from oocyte cells that develop through a women's early life and reach maturity after puberty.
        
        Each month during ovulation a mature ovum is released.
        
        The ovum travels from the ovary to the fallopian tubes where it may be fertilized before reaching uterus.
        
        Fallopian tubes: end in funnel shaped structure called infundibulum which is covered with fimbriae
        
        fimbriae: swipe over the outside of ovaries to pick up released ova and carry them into infundibulum for transport to uterus
        
        Inside of Fallopian tube covered with cilia that works with smooth muscle of tube to carry the ovum to the uterus
        
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- - - - Progestin patch: fewer or no periods accompany this method. This reduces risks of pelvic inflammatory disease. Research has also shown that it protects against endometrial and ovarian cancer. It is a very effective birth control option and isn't permanent
- - - - Birth Control Pills: You are at a very high risk for blood clots which lead to strokes. Also having diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol or a risk for cardiovascular disease you shouldn't use this form of birth control. Lastly these pills come along with side effects like weight gain, nausea, irregular spotting and mood changes.