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2d echo -dr. mg - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Structures seen: prox aorta
        AV
        LA
        LV
        MV
        RV
        IVS
        POST WALL
        PERICARDIUM
  - - - Structures seen: AV
        AORTIC ROOT
- - - - superimposition of simultaneously reflected dots, builds
        up a real-time image on the display screen
      - useful to evaluate the anatomy of the heart and
        the relationship between different structures
      - motion of the walls of ventricles
        and cusps of valves is visualized.
      - Measures wall thickness, C.O., E.F., S.V.,chamber dimensions
    - - tracing, ultrasound is transmitted and received
        along only one scan line
      - displayed as a continuous tracing with two axes
        
        Vertical is distribution btn transducer and structure
        
        Horizontal is time
      - only one scan line is imaged,so more sensitive to study motion of moving structures
  - - - transmits and receives ultrasound continuously
      - can measure high velocities without any upper limit
      - used for rapid scanning of the heart
        in search of high velocity signals and abnormal flow patterns.
      - cannot precisely localize the returning signal which may originate from anywhere along the length or width of usg beam
      - grading the severity of valvular
        stenosis and assessing the degree of valvular regurgitation
      - Quantifying intracardiac left-to-right shunt
      - tricuspid valve, pulmonary
        artery pressure can be calculated.
    - - transmits ultrasound in pulses and waits to
        receive the returning ultrasound after each pulse
      - it cannot detect high velocities.due to time delay
      - At velocities over 2 m/sec, there occurs a reversal of flow
        known as the phenomenon of aliasing
      - provides a better spectral tracing than
        CW Doppler, which is used for calculations
      - aortic valve outflow signal is used for the calculation of
        stroke volume and cardiac output
      - mitral valve inflow signal is used for the assessment of
        left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.