superimposition of simultaneously reflected dots, builds
up a real-time image on the display screen

useful to evaluate the anatomy of the heart and
the relationship between different structures

motion of the walls of ventricles
and cusps of valves is visualized.

Measures wall thickness, C.O., E.F., S.V.,chamber dimensions

tracing, ultrasound is transmitted and received
along only one scan line

Vertical is distribution btn transducer and structure

Horizontal is time

transmits and receives ultrasound continuously

can measure high velocities without any upper limit

used for rapid scanning of the heart
in search of high velocity signals and abnormal flow patterns.

grading the severity of valvular
stenosis and assessing the degree of valvular regurgitation

Quantifying intracardiac left-to-right shunt

tricuspid valve, pulmonary
artery pressure can be calculated.

transmits ultrasound in pulses and waits to
receive the returning ultrasound after each pulse

it cannot detect high velocities.due to time delay

At velocities over 2 m/sec, there occurs a reversal of flow
known as the phenomenon of aliasing

provides a better spectral tracing than
CW Doppler, which is used for calculations

aortic valve outflow signal is used for the calculation of
stroke volume and cardiac output

mitral valve inflow signal is used for the assessment of
left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.