Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Earliest times (The Saxon invasion (Who should be king? (the Saxon king: 1…

- - - - It lies in the way of the Gulf Stream, which brings warm water and winds from the Gulf of Mexico
      - It has always been the most populated part of the island
        
        It has always had the most political power
    - - At moments of great danger Britain has been saved from danger by its surrounding seas.
  - - - It was not just one long equally cold period
        
        There were times when the ice cap retreated, and colder periods when the ice reached as far South as the river Thames
        
        The 1st evidence of human life is a few stone tools, dating from one of the warmer periods, about 250.000 BC
        
        These objects show that there were 2 different kinds of inhabitant
        
        the earlier group made their tools from flakes of flint
        
        the other group made tools from a central core of flint, which spread from Africa to Europe.
        
        The ice advanced again and Britain became hardly habitable until another milder period, probably around 50.000 BC.
        
        during this time a new type of human being seems to have arrived, who was ancestor of the modern British
        
        around 10.000 BC, Britain was peopled by small groups of hunters, gatherers, and fishers
        
        By about 5.000 BC Britain has become an island and had also become heavily forested
        
        for the wandered-hunter cullture this was a disaster, for the cold-loving deer and other animals on which they lived largely died out
        
        Neolithic (or new Stone Age) 3.000 BC
        
        people crossed the narrow sea from Europe in small round boats of bentwood covered with animal. Each could carry one or two persons
        
        These people kept animals and grew corn crops, and knew how to make pottery
        
        they probably came from either the Iberian (Spanish) peninsula or even the North African cost
        
        they settled in the westerm parts of Britain and Ireland, from Cornwall at the Southwest end of Britain
        
        They were the 1st of several waves of invaders before the 1st arrival of the Romans in 55 BC
        
        Public works
        
        the earlier of these works were great "barrows" or burial mounds,made of earth or stone
        
        most of these barrows are found on the chalk uplands of south Britain.
        
        these areas became overfarmed, while by 1400 BC the climate became drier, and as a result, this island could no longer support many people
        
        after 300 BC the chalkland people started building great circles of earth banks and ditches.
        
        inside, they built wooden buildings and stone circles.
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hill-forts replaced henges as the centers of local power and most of these were found in the south-east.
        
        they remained the centre for local groups
        
        the insides were filled with houses, and they become the simple economic capitals and smaller towns of the different tribal areas
        
        today, the empty hill-forts stand on lonely hilltops
        
        they remained local economic centres
  - - - tribal chiefs were chosen from each family or tribe, sometimes as the result of fighting matches between individuals, and sometimes by election.
    - - trade was conducted by sea and river
      - for money they use iron bars
    - - they could not read or write
      - they memorized all the religious teachings, the tribal laws, history, medicine and other knowledge necessary
      - the Druids from different tribes all over Britain met once a year
  - - - the written word was important for spreading ideas and also for establishing power
    - - the coloniae, towns peopled by Roman settlers
      - the municipa, large cities in which the whole population was given Roman citizenship
      - the civitas, included the old Celtic tribal capitals, through which the romans administered the Celtic population in the country side
      - villas, large farms. these belonged to the richer britons who where more roman than Celt
        
        they were usually close to towns so that the crops could be sold easily
- - - - the Jutes settled mainly in Kent and along the South coast
      - the Angles settled in the east, and also in the north midlands
      - the Saxons settled between the Jutes and the Angles in a band of land from the Thames estuary westwards
    - - by 570 they were forced west of Gloucester. Most were driven into the mountains in the far west.
        
        the Saxons called "Weallas" or "Wales", meaning the land of the foreigners
  - - - Witan, the king's council
        
        it was not at all democratic, and the king could decide to ignore the Witan's advice.
        
        the Witan's authority was based on its right to choose kings, and to agree the use of the king's laws
      - shires or countries, administrative areas
        
        each shire was appointed a shire reeve, the king's local administration
      - in each district was a "manor" or large house: this was a simple building where local villagers came to pay taxes, where justice was administered, and where men met together to join the Anglo-Saxon army, the fyrd.
    - - king
      - lords
      - soldiers
      - workers
  - - - the Celtic bishops went out from their monasteries of Wales, Ireland and Scotland, walking from village to village teaching christianity
    - - they disagreed over the date of Easter
      - in 663 at the Synod of Wiltitby the king of Northumbria decided to support the Roman church
        
        Saxon kings helped the church to grow, but the church also increased the power of kings
        
        it was good political propaganda because it suggested that kings were chosen not only by people but also by god
    - - for example, westminister
      - places of learning and education
      - these monasteries trained the men who could read and write so that they had the necessary skills for the growth of royal and church authority
  - - - they came to conquer and to settle
  - - - pay the Vikings to stay away
      - he set a tax on all his people, called Danegeld or danish money
        
        it was the beginning of a regular tax system of the people which could provide the money for armies
    - - he started a new church for Norman
        
        the norman were people from the north. they were the children and grandchildren of Vikings who had captured, and settled in, northern France
    - - Harold's right to the English throne was challenged by Duke William of Normandy
      - he was defeated and killed in battle
  - - - Essex (east saxons)
      - Sussex (south saxons)
      - Wessex (west saxons)
      - Middlese (middle saxons)
      - East Anglia (east angles)
- - - - called Welsh by the Anglo-Saxons
    - - in each group a strong leader made himself king
    - - he was killed by a cymry while defending Wales against the Saxons
  - - - ulster in the north
      - Munster in the Southwest
      - Leinster in the Southeast
      - Connaught in the west
      - Meath (the Kingdom of Mide) was known as the kingdom of Kingship. It contained the Hill of Tara
    - - it was spread by Patrik: the patron saint of Ireland
      - Golden age
        
        hunters were unknown and culture flowered
        
        it suddenly ended with the arrival of Viking raiders, who stole all the monasteries they had
        
        the Viking brought fresh economic and political action into Irish life
  - - - the Picts, lived mostly in the north and northeast. They spoke Celtic as well as another language completely unconnected with any known language today
      - the non-pictish inhabitants were mainly scots. The Scots were Celtic settlers who had started to move into the Western highlands from Ireland in the 4th century
      - the Britons, who inhabited the lowlands and had been part of the Romano-British world
      - Angles from Northumbria who had pushed northwards into the Scottish Lowlands