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PERCY BYSSHE (POETRY (Shelley's best lyrics were written during his…

- - - - The poem is turned in an agent of change
        
        Natural scenery is animated by moral phorces
      - Nature has no voice, it's silent until it moves something in the air
        
        This is the inspiration which makes the poet a prophet, who trasmittes forces present in nature
        
        Nature is also a protagonist in Romantic visual arts
        
        Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg, The Shipwreck
      - ODE TO THE WEST WIND
        
        This is a long and impassioned invocation to the west wind
        
        In the first three stanzas images of life, death and change are prevalent
        
        In the fourth stanza Shelley asks to be inspired by the wind, just as nature is.
        
        So the poet asks the wind to give him the liberating force of poetic inspiration
        
        Shelley himself writes a note at the beginning of the Ode
        
        Where he says that the poem was conceived and chiefly written in a wood that skirts the Arno, near Florence
        
        Shelley's report also shows that images are strongly rooted in the concrete experience
        
        The ode is divided into five stanzas
        
        Five stanzas with iambic pentameters in triplets
        
        Ryme: ABA/ BCD/CDC...
        
        With a final couplet in rhyming couplet
        
        The ode describes the effects of the impestuous west wind on Nature, interpretable as a symbol of poetic inspiration and radical change brought to the world by the poet's poetry and protein figure
        
        Seen as both real and as a symbol of change for man and society
        
        Shelley's elevated tone is that of a prophet warning men that change is imminent
        
        It is among his most famous lyrics
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_aAaH-jUlk
        Ode To West Wind read by Sir John Gielgud
    - - Shelley uses a personal way to express his rebellion against oppressive powers
        
        Shelley is a representative of the second generation of Romantic poets' restlesness and incapacity to come to terms with the industrial society
- - - - He lives in particular in Tuscany, which has an important influence on him
        
        He writes in Cascine, an old city park in Florence
        
        A Plaque in honour of Shelley in Florence
        
        He writes in the pine woods near Viareggio
      - He writes some of his best lyrics in Villa Cappucini at Este, near Venice, and at the Baths of Caracalla in Rome
      - Shelley and his family settle for the last time in a villa lear Lerici in 1822
        
        During an excursion by boat to Livorno, Shelley and the firend who was with him drown because of a storm
        
        The Funeral of Shelley by Edouard Fournier
- - - - Mary Wollstonecraft
        
        She was the wife of Percy Bysshe Shelley, and wrote, with the surname of her husband, the famous epistolary novel: Frankenstein.
      - Link Title
- - - - Nature as a source of ispiration
        
        Our best feelings are inspired by nature, and in nature we can find our best values
      - Nature as a life force
        
        Nature is personified: it seems animated by a strange energy, it seems to have a life on its one,
        
        Man seems to communicate with Nature
      - Nature as the countryside, the sense of peace in contrast with the industrialisation of the town, its noise and its confusion
  - - - Biography
        
        John Keats was born in 1795 in London
        
        He remained orphan so soon
        
        At first he studied medicine at Guy's Hospital in London, but Keats soon abandoneda medical career for Literature
        
        During a walking tour in the Lake District, he had the first signs of tubercolosiis
        
        He felt in love with a girl, Fanny Brawne, but his illness and his dedication to poetry made it impossible for him to marry her
        
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        His mother died of tubercolosis when he was fourteen
        
        His father died when he was eight
      - Poetry
        
        Keats developed an early admirationfor the art of acient Greece
        
        Keats often went to the British Museum to see its masterpieces, and he studied vases and urns.
        
        Ode on a Grecian Urn
        
        Keats finds in the urn the perfect answer to man's longing for permanence in an ever changing word
        
        Keat's love of beauty has an ethical basis
        
        Keats believed in the close union of beauty and truth, just as the Ancient Greeks did
        
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        He displayed a taste for the medieval themes
        
        Negative capability
- - - - He went also to the college in 1791, but he left Cambridge without graduating
        
        In 1797, he settled in Dorrset, where he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge
        
        Their collaboration wasn't so long: Colerige infact qurrelled with Wordsworth. Even if they reconcilied later, Coleridge entered in a period of depression.
        
        In the latest prod of his life, he became leader of a group of intellectuals, who admired Coleridge for his charisma
        
        He died in 1834
  - - - Their poems can by seen as nightmares of passitvity: all is ruled by strange forces
    - - This poems is a mix between the realism and the sublime
        
        In the Rime, there are a lot of supernatural effects, which remain without any rational explanation
        
        The figure of the old mariner
        
        The mariner comes from nowhere and has a sort of glittering eye which has an hypnotic power, making people listen to him
        
        The ship is driven by a misterious force and it's peopled by corpse
        
        The figure of the ship is derived by medieval themes
        
        The cult of the middle-age is another recurringt phenomenon in the Romantic poetry
        
        The albatross
        
        The Albatross is a sacred bird in many religions, so it seems connected with thi divine supernatural force
        
        The poem is full of strange creatures
        
        In the Rhyme of the ancient Mariner, we can find spirits, angels and sea monsters
        
        Every episode, infact, is described in a very realistic way, as it was real
        
        The poets give a lot of details about the wedding
        
        The weather at sea is also well described
        
        Mariner's native country
        
        During his tale, the Mariner talks about a Church, a lighthouse and an hill
      - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53N99Nim6WE
    - - An example of the sublime can be individuated in the cult for ruins: in this century archeologists start to dicover the old ruins of Pompei
- - - - After the college, he decided to became a sustenitor of the ideas of the French Revolutions, and during a tour on the French Alps, He fell in love with a French girl, Annette Valon, who gave him a daughter, Caroline
        
        Lack of money forced him to come back to England, abandoning Annette and Caoline
        
        In England, thanks to his poetry, he became very popular. In 1843, he was appointed Poet Laureat
        
        He died in 1850.
  - - - The children is closer than the adult to the original state of harmony with nature
        
        This is a critic of the poet to the industralisation, which is driving men away from nature
- - - - William Wordsworth represents the Nature in the ordinary world: Nature is described in a realistic way
      - Samuel Taylor Coleridge represents the Nature in the sublime: nature is described as a supernatural force
    - - His poetry represents the presence of evil and injustice in the world, which is a recurring theme in many romantic authors
        
        For Blake there's a complementarity, between innocence and experience
        
        The lamb represents innocence
        
        The tiger represents the experience
        
        The lamb presupposes the tiger, innocence presupposes experience, and viceversa
- - - - Their heroes are proud and corageous, they were thought to be like the author, so they were definied "Byronic hero"
        
        Byron embodied the features of the "Romantic Hero"
        
        Byron embodied
        
        The aspiration for freedom, typical of the Napoleonic generation
        
        Byron celebrated infact Napoleon in verse
        
        The hatred of social hypocrisy
        
        The hero bold and impetuous
        
        The hero was also though at times melancholy, proud and independent
- - - - He won the erputation of a lover and a spendthrift
        
        In 1809, Byron started a tour around Europe, and then he went in the Levant. During these voyages Byron wrote the frist two cantos of "Childe Harold's pilgrimage"
        
        Returned in England, Byron got married, but he was accused by his wife of mental cruelty and ill treatment. Becuse of this scandal, he was forced to leave England again
        
        First he went to Geneva, where he met the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary
        
        Then he went to Italy, and he became a supporter of the revolutionary society of the Carbonari
        
        Finally he went in Greece, where to support the Independence of Greece from Turks, becoming one of the leaders of the Revolution
        
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