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Morphology (7.Sound and shapes: The interface between morphology and…

- - - - ways new words are coined
      - way forms of words are varied
    - - Simple words
        
        giraffe, wiggle, or yellow
      - but so are
        
        prefixes
        
        re- and pre-
        
        suffixes
        
        –ize, and –er
    - - can stand alone
      - simple or simplex words
        
        only one morpheme
        
        giraffe , oops , just
      - complex words
        
        made up of more than one morpheme
        
        opposition , prewash
        
        contain 2 Bound
        
        tele / vise
        
        contain Bound and free
        
        tele / phone , eras / er
  - - - count every instance ina word occurs in a sentence
    - - count a word once, no matter how many times it occurs in a sentence
      - not count repeat word
        
        not count word takens 2 times , only count 1 word
    - - count a thoughtfamilies of words that differ only in their grammatical endings or grammatical forms
  - - - V - N : amuse → amusement
    - - N - N : orphan → orphange
    - - N - V : louse → delouse
- - - - paper (two syllables),
    - - Morph
        
        realize phonetic realization of morphemes
        
        three different morphs (-s, z and әz)
        
        to realize the inflectional morpheme “plural”
      - allomorph
        
        one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme
        
        in its different phonological or morphological environments.
        
        allomorphs are all “phonologically conditioned” in addition to being homophones.
      - zero-allomorph
        
        A zero morph is a morph, consisting of no phonetic form, that is proposed in some analyses as an allomorph of a morpheme that is ordinarily realized by a morph having some phonetic form.
  - - - all bound morphemes aren't affixes or bound bases
  - - - not meaningful but have meaning when combined with other morphemes
      - cran- must occur with berry (cranberry)
  - - - lexical morphemes
        
        n., v., adj. and adv.
      - functional morphemes
        
        articles, prep., conj., quantifiers and pron
- - - - such as able, acy, er, en, ful and ly , etc.
  - - - such as anti, dis, hyper, homo, re, tri, uni , etc.
- - - - Singular → cat, mouse, ox, child
      - Plural → cats, mice, oxen, children
    - - regular inflections are suffixal
        
        foot feet
        mouse mice
      - irregular forms are often formed by internal stem change
        
        sing sang sung
        sit sat sat
        
        In some cases, they are the remains of ways of forming the plural or past tense that we no longer have today
      - when a new noun is
        added to English, its plural is formed with -s and when a new verb is added,its past tense is formed with -ed.
  - - - not all nouns or verbs may inflect in exactly the same way
      - These different inflectional
        subpatterns are called inflectional classes.
    - - relationships between inflected forms in a paradigm
      - occurs when one or more of the inflected forms
      - replacing a regular form by an irregular form
- - - - It looks like a ‘doing word’, meaning something that actors
    - - the same activity, surely
- - - - change of paradigm
      - the word must is a verb
      - change of function of the word.
        
        when a noun comes to be used as a verb.
        
        Bag – to bag
    - - borrowing words from foreign languages
        
        Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two lanugage communities
    - - word is formed from another word by taking off what looks like a typical affix in the language.
    - - combining two or more words together to form a new complex word
        
        black + bird → blackbird
    - - shortening of a longer word by dropping one or more syllables with no change in meaning
        
        gym from gymnasium
    - - A word based on or derived from proper names or things
        
        Example; Sandwich
    - - abbreviation of several words
        
        TGIF = Federal Bureau of Investigation
    - - blending only parts of the words, not the whole words
        
        smoke + fog → smog
    - - invention of totally new words.