Morphology
1. Morphology
What is morphology?
study of word formation
smallest unit of language that has its own meaning.
ways new words are coined
way forms of words are varied
Simple words
but so are
giraffe, wiggle, or yellow
prefixes
suffixes
re- and pre-
–ize, and –er
word is one or more morphemes
can stand alone
simple or simplex words
complex words
only one morpheme
made up of more than one morpheme
giraffe , oops , just
opposition , prewash
contain 2 Bound
tele / vise
contain Bound and free
tele / phone , eras / er
Words and lexemes, types and tokens
word tokens
count every instance ina word occurs in a sentence
word types
count a word once, no matter how many times it occurs in a sentence
not count repeat word
not count word takens 2 times , only count 1 word
Lexeme
count a thoughtfamilies of words that differ only in their grammatical endings or grammatical forms
mental lexicon
contains imformation , word's meaning , Pronunciation , Syntactic , Characteristics
contains a lot ofnumber of words that we can produce
word formation rules
to create new words and understand new words when we encounter them
lexeme formation
change the part of speech
Change meaning (new meaning)
Change both
V - N : amuse → amusement
N - N : orphan → orphange
N - V : louse → delouse
2. Morpheme and their compositions
Morpheme
minimal units of meaning or grammatical function
used to form words
A morpheme may also consist of a single syllable, two or more syllables
paper (two syllables),
morpheme –er means someone who does as in words like player, teacher, and singer
comparative morpheme -er meaning “more” = faster, shorter and prettier
same sounds represent more than one morpheme
Free and bound morpheme
bound morphemes
A free morpheme
can stand alone as an independent, single word
cannot stand alone and must be attached to another form
all affixes =bound morphemes
all bound morphemes aren't affixes or bound bases
3. Affixes
bound base morphemes
not meaningful but have meaning when combined with other morphemes
cran- must occur with berry (cranberry)
lexical morphemes
functional morphemes
articles, prep., conj., quantifiers and pron
n., v., adj. and adv.
Morph and allomorph and pronunciation of morphemes
Morph
realize phonetic realization of morphemes
allomorph
zero-allomorph
three different morphs (-s, z and әz)
to realize the inflectional morpheme “plural”
one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme
in its different phonological or morphological environments.
allomorphs are all “phonologically conditioned” in addition to being homophones.
A zero morph is a morph, consisting of no phonetic form, that is proposed in some analyses as an allomorph of a morpheme that is ordinarily realized by a morph having some phonetic form.
Root
Suffix
Prefix
appear at the beginnings of words a root word
the basis of a new word, but it does not typically form a stand-alone word on its own
appear at the end of the words of a root word
such as anti, dis, hyper, homo, re, tri, uni , etc.
such as able, acy, er, en, ful and ly , etc.
create a new word with a new meaning.
create a new word is derived from the base word
4. Inflection
Inflection changes the form of lexemes so
that they fit into different grammatical contexts
Number (singular vs. plural)
person (first, second, third)
tense (past, present, future)
other distinctions as well.
singular and plural is marked on nouns
Singular → cat, mouse, ox, child
Plural → cats, mice, oxen, children
English has both regular and irregular inflections
regular inflections are suffixal
irregular forms are often formed by internal stem change
foot feet
mouse mice
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
In some cases, they are the remains of ways of forming the plural or past tense that we no longer have today
when a new noun is
added to English, its plural is formed with -s and when a new verb is added,its past tense is formed with -ed.
Paradigms
all of the different inflectional forms of a particular lexeme or class of lexemes
inflectional classes
Suppletion
not all nouns or verbs may inflect in exactly the same way
These different inflectional
subpatterns are called inflectional classes.
relationships between inflected forms in a paradigm
occurs when one or more of the inflected forms
replacing a regular form by an irregular form
Inflection versus derivation revisited
Inflection
Derivation
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5. Derivation
Relationship between lexemes
The suffix -ance is not one of the small class of suffixes whose use is tightly determined by grammar. It must be derivational
Word classes and conversion
relationships involving affixation, grammatical and semantic
will see, both the affixes and their tasks are quite diverse (vary).
‘adjective’, ‘noun’, ‘verb’ and etc.
traditional terminology are called parts of speech
many contemporary linguists call lexical categories
PERFORM
PERFORMANCE
the same activity, surely
It looks like a ‘doing word’, meaning something that actors
derivation can occur without any clear change in shape
6. Words and word formation process
new words are always created and added to the lexicon of the language.
Derivation
most productive process of word formation
Conversion
change of paradigm
the word must is a verb
change of function of the word.
when a noun comes to be used as a verb.
Bag – to bag
Borrowing
Back-formation
Compounding
Clipping
Eponyms
Eponyms
Extension as Metaphor
Acronyms
Blending
borrowing words from foreign languages
combining two or more words together to form a new complex word
abbreviation of several words
A word based on or derived from proper names or things
blending only parts of the words, not the whole words
Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two lanugage communities
word is formed from another word by taking off what looks like a typical affix in the language.
black + bird → blackbird
Coinage
invention of totally new words.
shortening of a longer word by dropping one or more syllables with no change in meaning
gym from gymnasium
Example; Sandwich
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TGIF = Federal Bureau of Investigation
smoke + fog → smog
7.Sound and shapes: The interface between morphology and phonology
Phonological boundaries
Clitics
Morpheme boundaries
Verbal prefix boundaries
Word boundaries
Identifying boundaries
Types of phonological rules
Aspiration
The status of lexical rules
Word and syllable boundaries
The remaining of paradoxes
phonological rules are well describable by reference to syllable boundaries
certain morpheme boundary is to be represented with the morpheme boundary proper (+), or with the word boundary (#).
Word boundaries occur between words. The problem is that it is far from obvious
the stress rule stresses the ult of a verb if it is heavy
The morpheme boundary (represented by ‘+’) is found between the morphemes that make up the word
different form the others in that it is phonological in its nature, its location is not (fully) dependent on the morphological structure of the word
Units consisting of a host and its enclitic
stress rules are blocked by a word boundary
stress on the following vowel, a word boundary preceding the voiceless stop, and a fricative preceding the voiceless stop
only a morpheme boundary behave like monomorphemic forms,
The categorization of comparative and superlative suffixes