Morphology

1. Morphology

What is morphology?

study of word formation

smallest unit of language that has its own meaning.

ways new words are coined

way forms of words are varied

Simple words

but so are

giraffe, wiggle, or yellow

prefixes

suffixes

re- and pre-

–ize, and –er

word is one or more morphemes

can stand alone

simple or simplex words

complex words

only one morpheme

made up of more than one morpheme

giraffe , oops , just

opposition , prewash

contain 2 Bound

tele / vise

contain Bound and free

tele / phone , eras / er

Words and lexemes, types and tokens

word tokens

count every instance ina word occurs in a sentence

word types

count a word once, no matter how many times it occurs in a sentence

not count repeat word

not count word takens 2 times , only count 1 word

Lexeme

count a thoughtfamilies of words that differ only in their grammatical endings or grammatical forms

mental lexicon

contains imformation , word's meaning , Pronunciation , Syntactic , Characteristics

contains a lot ofnumber of words that we can produce

word formation rules

to create new words and understand new words when we encounter them

lexeme formation

change the part of speech

Change meaning (new meaning)

Change both

V - N : amuse → amusement

N - N : orphan → orphange

N - V : louse → delouse

2. Morpheme and their compositions

Morpheme

minimal units of meaning or grammatical function

used to form words

A morpheme may also consist of a single syllable, two or more syllables

paper (two syllables),

morpheme –er means someone who does as in words like player, teacher, and singer
comparative morpheme -er meaning “more” = faster, shorter and prettier

same sounds represent more than one morpheme

Free and bound morpheme

bound morphemes

A free morpheme

can stand alone as an independent, single word

cannot stand alone and must be attached to another form

all affixes =bound morphemes

all bound morphemes aren't affixes or bound bases

3. Affixes

bound base morphemes

not meaningful but have meaning when combined with other morphemes

cran- must occur with berry (cranberry)

lexical morphemes

functional morphemes

articles, prep., conj., quantifiers and pron

n., v., adj. and adv.

Morph and allomorph and pronunciation of morphemes

Morph

realize phonetic realization of morphemes

allomorph

zero-allomorph

three different morphs (-s, z and әz)

to realize the inflectional morpheme “plural”

one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme

in its different phonological or morphological environments.

allomorphs are all “phonologically conditioned” in addition to being homophones.

A zero morph is a morph, consisting of no phonetic form, that is proposed in some analyses as an allomorph of a morpheme that is ordinarily realized by a morph having some phonetic form.

Root

Suffix

Prefix

appear at the beginnings of words a root word

the basis of a new word, but it does not typically form a stand-alone word on its own

appear at the end of the words of a root word

such as anti, dis, hyper, homo, re, tri, uni , etc.

such as able, acy, er, en, ful and ly , etc.

create a new word with a new meaning.

create a new word is derived from the base word

4. Inflection

Inflection changes the form of lexemes so
that they fit into different grammatical contexts

Number (singular vs. plural)

person (first, second, third)

tense (past, present, future)

other distinctions as well.

singular and plural is marked on nouns

Singular → cat, mouse, ox, child

Plural → cats, mice, oxen, children

English has both regular and irregular inflections

regular inflections are suffixal

irregular forms are often formed by internal stem change

foot feet
mouse mice

sing sang sung
sit sat sat

In some cases, they are the remains of ways of forming the plural or past tense that we no longer have today

when a new noun is
added to English, its plural is formed with -s and when a new verb is added,its past tense is formed with -ed.

Paradigms

all of the different inflectional forms of a particular lexeme or class of lexemes

inflectional classes

Suppletion

not all nouns or verbs may inflect in exactly the same way

These different inflectional
subpatterns are called inflectional classes.

relationships between inflected forms in a paradigm

occurs when one or more of the inflected forms

replacing a regular form by an irregular form

Inflection versus derivation revisited

Inflection

Derivation

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5. Derivation

Relationship between lexemes

The suffix -ance is not one of the small class of suffixes whose use is tightly determined by grammar. It must be derivational

Word classes and conversion

relationships involving affixation, grammatical and semantic

will see, both the affixes and their tasks are quite diverse (vary).

‘adjective’, ‘noun’, ‘verb’ and etc.

traditional terminology are called parts of speech

many contemporary linguists call lexical categories

PERFORM

PERFORMANCE

the same activity, surely

It looks like a ‘doing word’, meaning something that actors

derivation can occur without any clear change in shape

6. Words and word formation process

new words are always created and added to the lexicon of the language.

Derivation

most productive process of word formation

Conversion

change of paradigm

the word must is a verb

change of function of the word.

when a noun comes to be used as a verb.

Bag – to bag

Borrowing

Back-formation

Compounding

Clipping

Eponyms

Eponyms

Extension as Metaphor

Acronyms

Blending

borrowing words from foreign languages

combining two or more words together to form a new complex word

abbreviation of several words

A word based on or derived from proper names or things

blending only parts of the words, not the whole words

Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two lanugage communities

word is formed from another word by taking off what looks like a typical affix in the language.

black + bird → blackbird

Coinage

invention of totally new words.

shortening of a longer word by dropping one or more syllables with no change in meaning

gym from gymnasium

Example; Sandwich

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TGIF = Federal Bureau of Investigation

smoke + fog → smog

7.Sound and shapes: The interface between morphology and phonology

Phonological boundaries

Clitics

Morpheme boundaries

Verbal prefix boundaries

Word boundaries

Identifying boundaries

Types of phonological rules

Aspiration

The status of lexical rules

Word and syllable boundaries

The remaining of paradoxes

phonological rules are well describable by reference to syllable boundaries

certain morpheme boundary is to be represented with the morpheme boundary proper (+), or with the word boundary (#).

Word boundaries occur between words. The problem is that it is far from obvious

the stress rule stresses the ult of a verb if it is heavy

The morpheme boundary (represented by ‘+’) is found between the morphemes that make up the word

different form the others in that it is phonological in its nature, its location is not (fully) dependent on the morphological structure of the word

Units consisting of a host and its enclitic

stress rules are blocked by a word boundary

stress on the following vowel, a word boundary preceding the voiceless stop, and a fricative preceding the voiceless stop

only a morpheme boundary behave like monomorphemic forms,

The categorization of comparative and superlative suffixes