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Atoms, molecules and ions (Definitions (Atoms (Has a positively charged…

- - - - Fact: Boyle- first chemist to perform quantitative chem experiments. Perform quantitative experiments on gas and ideas about chem elements
        
        Fact: Priestley discovering oxygen gas, explaining combustion
        
        Fact: Lavoisier explains combustion involves oxygen and discover law of conservation of mass
        
        Fact: Proust discover law of definite proportions: a compound always have same proportions of elements by mass
        
        Fact: Dalton: thinks about atoms and try to explain law of def proportion; figure out law of multiple proportions instead: when elements form a series of compounds, the ratio of the second compound to 1g of the first always give small whole numbers
        
        Fact: Dalton's atomic theory:1. elements are made up of atoms- very small particles
        
        An element consists of same type of atoms. Different elements have different kinds of atom, somehow.
        
        Compounds are formed when atoms of different kinds come together.
        
        In a chemical reaction i.e the combination of different atoms, atoms are conserved and got exchanged and form new compounds with other atoms
        tries to devise different atomic masses but failed because he has wrong compound formulas
        
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  - - - Fact: Robert Millikan figures out mass of electron from charge to mass ratio of JJ Thompson
        
        Fact: Rutherford disproves plum pudding model from gold foil experiment: firing alpha rays through gold foil deflect the alpha rays--> atom has a nucleus
- - - - Polar covalent
        
        dipole dipole
        
        normal dipole dipole: slightly positive and negative side to an atom of a molecule
        
        Hydrogen bonds: special case with hydrogen and electronegative elements: F,O, Cl
        
        Vander waals, weakest
        
        instantaneous poles
        
        VSEPR
      - Purely covalent: complete sharing
      - Covalent molecule orbitals
  - - - Born-Haber cycle
      - Hess's Law application
- - - - protons
      - neutrons
        
        Isotopes: atoms with same no. of protons but different no. of neutrons
- - - - Argument on radiation profile of black bodies
        
        Classical theory: No maximum, goes off infinitely as wavelength shortens --> ultraviolet catastrophe
        
        Max Planck experiment: Maximum radiation on short wavelengths and decreases as wavelength increases
        
        Planck postulation: energy is delivered in whole number multiplies of hv where h= Planck's constant
        
        (understanding) E= nhv where n is an integer, v= frequency
        
        (understanding) Energy is delivered in "quanta" i.e transferred in discreet amounts that are multiples of hv
        
        (fact) Einstein discovered "photons"- a quantum of electromagnetic radiation, i.e a "packet" of energy of electromagnetic radiation
        
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