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Cardiovascular system (Embryology (At Birth (เมื่อหายใจได้ :arrow_down…
Cardiovascular system
Embryology
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Endocardial cushion
Atrial septum,AV,semilunar valve
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Fetal circulation
umbilical v.(PO2 30,O2sat 800%)
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At Birth
เมื่อหายใจได้ :arrow_down:Pulmonary vasculature resistance--> :arrow_up:LA pressure vs RA pressure --> foramen ovale close(fossa ovalis) --> :arrow_up:O2 :arrow_down:PG -->Ductus arteriosus close
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Physiology
CO
CO = SV x HR
SV = EDV - ESV
affected by
Contractility ; anxiety ,exercise
:arrow_up: in
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Digitalis ,digoxin(positive inotropes)
:arrow_down:in
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systolic HF, acidosis, Hypoxia/Hypercapnia
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ผกผัน Afterload
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:arrow_down: in ACEI, ARB, arterial vasodilate ; Hydralazine
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Myocardial oxygen demand
:arrow_up: ตาม CARD(contractility,Afterload,HR,diameter of ventricle
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Heart sound
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S3 = early diastole(rapid ventricular filling) เป็นเสียง filling P ; MR, HF
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A
systolic m : AS,Aortic valve sclerosis
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Maneuver
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Rapid squatting :arrow_up:VR,preload,afterload
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Heart murmur
Systolic
AS
Systolic ejection m., Loudest@heart base,Pulsus parvus et tardus, SAD
MR/TR
Holosystolic blowing murmur อาจเกี่ยวกับ Rheumatic fever, IE
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Diastolic
AR
Diastolic high pitch blowing m. อาจเกี่ยวกับ Rheumatic fever, IE
MS
Diastolic rumbling m., Opening snap
Continuous
PDA
machine like m. ,Loudest at S2, congenital rubella
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ECG
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QT interval : ventricular depo,ventricle contraction,ventricular repo
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ST segment : ventricular depo, isoelectric
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ANP
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Mech : cGMP --> vasodilate(afferent), :arrow_down:Na reabsorb at collecting tubule , Diuresis
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Receptor
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Carotid sinus
via Glossopharyngeal n. to solitary nu of Medulla ตอบสนองต่อBP ,At carotid bifurcation
Baroreceptor
:arrow_down:BP
:arrow_down:Aterial P--> :arrow_down:Stretch --> :arrow_down:Afferent baroreceptor firing--> :arrow_up:efferent symp firing & :arrow_down:efferent parasymp stimulation --> vasocon --> :arrow_up:HR, :arrow_up:contractility, :arrow_up:BP
Carotid massage
:arrow_up:P on carotid sinus --> :arrow_up:Stretch --> :arrow_up:afferent baroreceptor firing --> :arrow_up:AV node refractory period --> :arrow_down:HR
ประกอบด้วย Cushing reflex triad(HT,Bradycardia,repiratory depression)
Chemoreceptor
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Central
ถูกกระตุ้นโดย pH,PCO2 of brain interstitial fluid
Pathology
ECG
Torsades de pointes
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ECG : Shifting sinusoidal waveforms,Long QT
Cause : Drugs(Antiarrhythmia,ATB macrolides,Anticychotic Hadol,AntiDepress TCAs,AntiEmetic Odansetron), HypoK, HypoMg
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Brugada Syndrome
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เสี่ยงต่อ VT,Sudden arrest
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WPW syndrome
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ECG : Delta wave with wide QRS complex,short PR interval
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AF
ECG : no discrete P wave,irregular QRS
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AV block
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Second degree
Mobitz I
PRกว้างเรื่อยๆจนดรอปไป อันสุดท้ายเป็นP waveที่ไม่มีQRSตาม ,Irregular RR
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Third degree/Complete
P wave QRS ต่างคนต่างเต้น ,Atrial rate>Ventricle rate Tx : pacemaker
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Ateriosclerosis
= Hard artery ,Arterial wall thick&Loss of Elasticity มีผลต่อ small a.&arteriole
2 Types
Hyaline : in Essential HT, DM
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Atherosclerosis
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S&S : angina, claudication ,asymp
Mech(Inflammation) : endothelial dysfn --> macrophage&LDL accumulation --> Foam cell --> fatty streaks --> smooth m. migrate(PDGF&FGF) proliferation ECM deposition --> fibrous plaque --> complex atheromas
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TAA
Assoc.Marfan syndrome, tertiary syphilis จะเกิดAortic root dilate --> Aortic valve regur
Aortic dissection
Longitudinal intimal tear form false lumen to Ascending Aorta(TypeA),Descending Aorta(TypeB)
Type A : อาจทำให้ AR, cardiac tamponade Tx : SX
TypeB : Tx : B-blocker,vasodilators
cc : sudden chest pain ,Unequal BP
Ischemic heart disease
Angina
Stable
เกิดจากSecondary atherosclerosis : exertional chest pain, ST depress, relief by rest/NG
Unstable
เกิดจากThrombosis with incomplete coronary a. disease โดย no cariac biomarker elevate ปวดมากขึ้นเมื่อพัก
MI
Acute thrombosis จาก plaque ruptured diag by :arrow_up:CK-MB,troponins
STEMI
Transmural infarct,Full thick of myocardial wall involved,STE,Q wave
Location
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Inferior(RCA) : II, III, aVF
Posterior(PDA) : V7-9, depress in V1-3 with tall R
NSTEMI
Subendocardial infarct(inner1/3), STD
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Mechanism
0-24 hr
Early coagulative necrosis ,Reperfusion injuryสร้าง free radical Ca influx
1-3 d
เซลล์ตายเยอะสุดExtensive coag necrosis with Neutrophil, Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
3-14 d
Macrophage,granulation อาจะเกิด MR,tamponade,pseudoaneurysmได้
2 wk+
scar อาจเกิด Dressler syndrome,HF ได้
shock
Hypovolemic
Hemorrhage,Dehydrate,burn ตัวเย็น :arrow_down:preload,CO :arrow_up:afterload
Cardiogenic
MI,HF,valvular dysfn,arrhythmia ตัวเย็น +/-preload Tx : Inotropes/Diuresis
Obstructive
Cardiac tamponade,PE,tension pneumothorax Tx : แก้cause
Distributive
Sepsis,Anaphylaxis ตัวจะอุ่น :arrow_down:Preload,afterload :arrow_up:CO ให้ IV,pressors
Cardiomyopathies
DCM
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HF,S3,Systolic regur murmur,Balloon heart on CXR
HCM
เป็น AD ,Diastolic dysfunction oultflow obstructionเลยมักมีอาการ dyspnea,syncope during exercise ,sudden deathได้ในนักกีฬา :warning:
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Vasculitides
Large vessel
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Takayasu arteritis
หญิง<40, Pulseless disease ไข้ เหงื่อ เมื่อย granulomatous thick
Medium vessel
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Buerger disease/TAO
ชายอายุ<40 สูบบุหรี่จัด มีclaudication ,gangrene
Small vessel
Wegener
PR3-ANCA, c-ANCA Tx : cyclophos
Microscopic polyangiitis
pauci-immune GN, no granulomas
Churg-Strauss(Eo)
granulomatous,Eo,MPO-ANCA ,IgE ,Asthma
HSP
IgA immune complex ,M/C เด็ก
Anatomy
Blood supply
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:warning: M/C colonary artery occlusion : LAD(เลี้ยงAnterior2/3 of interventicular septum,ant LV)
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