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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Hormones in the Reproductive System: (Progesterone…
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproductive Sys. Major Functions:
Produce egg and sperm cells. 2. Transport and sustain these cells 3.Nurture the developing offspring.
Female's Reproductive System's Major Function:
1.Producing female gametes (eggs), secreting female sex hormones (estrogen), providing a site for fertilization, gestating a fetus if fertilization occurs, giving birth, and breastfeeding after birth
Males Reproductive System's Major Functions:
1.Produce 2. Maintain, 3.Transport 4.Nourish sperm and semen 5. Discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract. 6. produce and secrete male sex hormones.
Anatomy of Reproductive Structures:
Female:
Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion.
Labia minora: They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body).
Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin (prepuce, is similar to foreskin at the end of the penis). Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and could become erect
Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.
Vagina: canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. Can be referred to as the birth canal.
Uterus: hollow, pear-shaped organ that will contain a developing fetus. The uterus is divided in two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can easily expand for a developing baby. A channel through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.
Ovaries: small, oval-shaped glands located on both side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
Male:
Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for generating sperm
Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes.
Epididymis: long, coiled tube that rests on the back of each testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes.
Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root, which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans, which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin.
Vas Deferens : transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.
Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles (see below). The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.
Urethra: Tube that carries urine from the bladder to out of the body. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.
Events of Female Hormone Cycle
Follicular phase:
starts on the first day of your period (so there is some overlap with the menstrual phase) and ends when you ovulate. It starts when the hypothalamus sends a signal to your pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Mestrual Phase:
The menstrual phase is the first stage of the menstrual cycle. It’s also when you get your period.This phase starts when an egg from the previous cycle isn’t fertilized. Because pregnancy hasn’t taken place, levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone drop
Ovulation Phase:
Ovulation is when your ovary releases a mature egg. The egg travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus to be fertilized by sperm.The ovulation phase is the only time during your menstrual cycle when you can get pregnant.
Luteal Phase:
ruptured follicle closes after releasing the egg and forms a structure called a corpus luteum
Hormones in the Reproductive System:
Progesterone
Progesterone is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy.
Relaxin
secreted by the granulosa cells in the ovaries of women that acts primarily to inhibit the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland.
Testosterone
Helps development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, also promotes secondary sexual characteristics like increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. This regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary.
Luteinizing hormone
hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
Estradiol
estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. It is involved in the regulation of the estrous and menstrual female reproductive cycles
Disorders of Reproductive System
HIV/AIDS- chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)- infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Genital herpes- A common sexually transmitted infection marked by genital pain and sores.
Chlamydia: A common sexually transmitted infection that may not cause symptoms.
Gonorrhea- A sexually transmitted bacterial infection that, if untreated, may cause infertility.