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Various Water Treatment Processes (Wan Mohamad Syameer bin Wan Suhami,…
Various Water Treatment Processes (Wan Mohamad Syameer bin Wan Suhami, 25247)
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2. Coalescence
- Used to separate immiscible liquid-liquid mixtures
- Can be enhanced using meshed pads and centrifugal forces
3.Flotation
- Used to separate solid or immiscible lliquid particles from aqueous effluent.
- These particles should have lower density than water and naturally hydrophobic.
- Typical applications include removal of dispersed hydrocarbon liquids from petroleum and petrochemical effluents.
4. Membrane Processes
- Conventionnal may separate particles down to a size of around 10μm.
- Microfiltration retains particles down to size of around 0.05μm
- Pressure difference up to 4 bar is used
- Most commonly used are spiral wound and hollow fiber
5. Stripping
- VOC and dissolved gases can be stripped from wastewater
- usual arrangement involve wastewater being fed down through a column with packing or trays and the stripping agent are fed to the bottom
6. Crystallization
- Cooling of wastewater with significant solubility of contaminants that varies with temperature, cooling will allow crystallization of a significant proportion o the contamination.
7. Evaporation
- Use to simply concentrate the contamination as a concentrated waste stream.
- Generally only be useful if wastewater is low in volume and the waste is nonvolatile
8. LLE
- Wastewater is contacted with solvent in which the organic waste is more soluble (separated by evaporation or distillation)
- One common application is removal and recovery of phenol and compounds of phenol from wastewater
9. Adsorption
- Used for removal of organic compounds and heavy metals.
- Activated carbon as primary adsorbent
- Both fixed bed and moving beds can be used
10. Ion Exchange
- Selective ion removal and finds some application in the recovery of specific materials from wastewater, such as heavy metals.
11. Wet Oxidations
- Aqueous mixture is heated in liquid phase under pressure, which oxidizes organic metal
- Efficiency depends on time and pressure
1. Aerobic
- Aerobic reactions take place only in the presence of free oxygen and produce stable, relatively inert end products such as carbon dioxide and water.
- Aerobic reactions are by far the most widely used
2. Anaerobic
- Anaerobic reactions function without the presence of free oxygen and derive their energy from organic compounds in the waste.
- Anaerobic reactions proceed relatively slowly and lead to end products that are unstable and contain considerable amounts of energy, such as methane and hydrogen sulfide.
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3. Anoxic
- Anoxic reactions also function without the presence of free oxygen.
- the principal biochemical pathways are not the same as in anaerobic reactions.
- They are a modification of aerobic pathways and hence termed anoxic.
- Anoxic reactions are used for denitrification to convert nitrate to nitrogen.
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