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Immune System (Types of Leukocytes (T and B cell roles (B- produce…
Immune System
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranular
smaller, have less visible granules, single lobe nuclei.
The other agranular leukocytes, NK cells, B cells, and T cells, arise from the lymphoid stem cell line
General behavior
classified by the stain best used to reveal their structure, all have obvious granules.
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Eosinophils - 2-4% of leukocytes, stain best with acidic stains.
Basophils - least common leukocyte, <1%. Stain w/ basic dyes.
T and B cell roles
B- produce anibodies or immunoglobulins that bind to foreign or abnormal proteins on cells (antigens) cells.
T- target and attack particular types of cells/viruses. Variation of both B and T lymphocytes are called memory cells and live for periods of years ready to attack a particular pathogen
T cells mature in the thymus, they both initially develop from bone marrow.
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B cells differentiate into cells that secrete a soluble form of their surface antibodies. These activated B cells are known as plasma cells.
Different T cell types have the ability to either secrete soluble factors that communicate with other cells of the adaptive immune response or destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens. The roles of T and B lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response will be discussed further in this chapter.
Memory cells
They form memory cells that remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.
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Memory cells record information for your immune system about how to fight and destroy viruses and the like that plague the body. When a disease strikes the body the memory cells instruct the body on how to produce antibodies. Once created, these antibodies are released into the bloodstream
Lymphatic System
lymphatic vessels
reservoirs for plasma and other substances including cells that have leaked from the vascular system and transport lymph fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory system.
Lymph vessels are lined by endothelial cells and have a thin layer of smooth muscles and adventitia that bind the lymph vessels to the surrounding tissue.
Production of immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody producing cells called plasma cells).
lymph
The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.Feb 21, 2018
lymphatic organs
organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials
organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials
thymus, spleen and lymphatic nodes.
Immune System Response
Innate
A phagocyte is a cell that is able to surround and engulf a particle or cell, a process called phagocytosis
the innate immune system must “get by” using only a limited number of receptors that are active against as wide a variety of pathogens as possible.
Barrier
When pathogens breach the body’s barrier defenses, macrophages are the first line of defense
The barrier defenses are not a response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of pathogens.
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Vaccination
How they work
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When foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses enter the body, immune cells called lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies, which are protein molecules
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By injecting these antigens into the body, the immune system can safely learn to recognize them as hostile invaders, produce antibodies, and remember them for the future
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Immune disease disorders
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Aging
s continuously influenced by chronic antigenic stimulation, such as infections
The effects of aging on the immune system are manifest at multiple levels that include reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus and diminished function of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues
In the current paradigm, autoimmune diseases develop when a memory T and B ... The vasculitis does not manifest before the age of 50 years; .
Genetic
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This disease is complex because it is caused by many different genetic defects. What groups them together is the fact that both the B cell and T cell arms of the adaptive immune response are affected.
New treatments for SCID using gene therapy, inserting nondefective genes into cells taken from the patient and giving them back, have the advantage of not needing the tissue match required for standard transplants. Although
HIV
The virus is transmitted through semen, vaginal fluids, and blood, and can be caught by risky sexual behaviors and the sharing of needles by intravenous drug users.
During this time, the levels of CD4+ cells, especially helper T cells, decline steadily, until at some point, the immune response is so weak that opportunistic disease and eventually death result.
By targeting the virus itself and sparing the cells, this approach has been successful in significantly prolonging the lives of HIV-positive individuals.
Autoimmune
The trigger for these diseases is, more often than not, unknown, and the treatments are usually based on resolving the symptoms using immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs such as steroids. These
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The reason for this association is likely because if one’s MHC molecules are not able to present a certain self-antigen, then that particular autoimmune disease cannot occur.