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Political or Economic Changes (Dria Lai) (Revolution (Example: Three…

- - - - Transitions of rule are brutal; many assassinations within the Romanov family
        
        ex. Catherine the Great stages a coup d'etat to overthrow her husband Peter III
        
        Peter the Great brings about sudden Western reforms
        
        Contact to the west begins with Napoleon's invasion in 1812; brings about the Decemberist Revolt of 1825 when intellectuals are fed up with the inability to grow western institutions under absolutism
        
        Russia is defeated in the Crimean War
        
        Critics of the Tsar grow due to this defeat; feel dissatisfied with the Tsars' direction of rule; 19th Century Tsars retaliate with executions and exilings
        
        Alexander II is killed; Alexander III doubles down on secret police and force
        
        Revolution of 1917: Nicholas II's failures in the Russo-Japanese War exposes him as weak. 1905 marks the beginning of revolution with rioting and fighting. The middle of WWI proves too much and mass defections of Russian soldiers occur
        
        Communism & the USSR: Lenin's Bolsheviks take over the government in 1917.
        
        1918: White (Russian military & Allies) vs Red Army (Lenin) Civil War allows for Lenin to institute the "New Economic Policy", allowing for private ownership but large central control
        
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- - - - Rational-Legal Authority system in 17th century gives way to "Constitution of the Crown" :crown: (no written constitution) and gives tradition precedent
        
        Parliament gains strength through succeeding King's ministers and the concept of common law of today (all those set precedents)
        
        Industrial Revolution creates new social classes; tradition of noblesse oblige allows these groups to be slowly incorporated in the political system rather than leading to a large revolution
        
        Rights eventually extended for lower classes so Marxism ideologies are less likely to take hold
        
        Great Reform Act of 1832: House of Commons gains more power and more men are able to vote
        
        Reform Act of 1867: Increase in working class voters
        
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        Example: Devolution
        
        Still a unitary government but power is devolved to Scottish and Welsh assemblies to make taxes and control education and economics in reaction to desire of independence (gradually allow more and more freedoms)
        
        Northern Ireland & the Good Friday Agreement
        
        Magna Carta is signed by King John in 1215, forming the basis of limited government by agreeing to consult nobles before making big decisions
        
        English Civil War: Charles I is executed by Cromwell, giving Roundheads the opportunity to control the monarchy by bringing back Charles II and later William and Mary in the Revolution of 1688, wherein the Bill of Rights gave rise to a constitutional monarchy
        
        William the Conqueror gathers support from nobility by consulting them, leading to the eventual evolution of House of Lords and House of Commons
- - - - sets up Catholicism and cultural heterogeneity to be contention points in later years
    - - Mexico faces years of turmoil following the exit of the Spanish: they had no more government structure, leading to weakness and disarray. Military rules rises up in the turmoil and US takes advantage by claiming Mexican land
        
        Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848: half of Mexican territory taken following Mexican-American War
        
        Maximillian of Austria rules Mexico as Emperor after being given favor by Napoleon and intends to allow it to be taken over by France. Benito Juarez is the president though; Maximillian is later executed after a French Spanish and English takeover of Mexico angers Juarez' supporters and the French finally leave.
        
        Porfirio Diaz brings in cientificos during his dictatorship, encouraging foreign investment from the US
- - - - Civil Reform- enhance legal rights for women; help people out of opium addiction; in order to gain the trust of the people and legitimize the government
        
        Five-Year Plans- Soviet style five year plans were launched to nationalize industry so that socialism could be attained
        
        The Great Leap Forward (1958-1966)
        
        All Around Development- equal emphasis on agriculture and heavy industry; Mao's emphasis is on economics, wanting to reduce inequality and free China from the Soviets
        
        Mass Mobilization- an effort to motivate economy through less unemployment and more manpower
        
        Political Unanimity and Zeal- emphasis on the workers not the bureaucrats
        
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- - - - 1976-1979 (Mil): Olusegun Obasanjo steps down for a democratically elected president
        
        1979-1983 (Dem): Shehu Shagari is replaced by a military coup
        
        1983-1985 (Mil): Muhammed Buhari is replaced in a military coup
        
        1985-1993 (mil): Ibrahim Babaginda resigns in a military coup
        
        1993-1998 (Mil): Sani Abacha dies; Abubakar rules temporarily
        
        1999-2007 (Dem): Obasanjo reaches end of 2 year presidency term and steps down
        
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- - - - Courts were secularized and included "European-style" law codes and judicial system
        
        White Revolution: extended women's rights in voting and in everyday life; restricted polygamy; modern land reform all leads to more secularization and a move away from traditionalist Islamic beliefs
        
        replaced the Islamic calendar
        
        created a "Religious Corps" and dared to "teach Iranian peasants 'true Islam'"
    - - Ayatollah Khomeini: charismatic, won over the people by defending fundamentalism and demonizing the US
        
        velayat-e-faqih is spun to fit Khomeini's cause; gives the clergy authority over all Shia
        
        A decrease in oil prices (Revolution of Rising Expectations) and US pressure allows for citizens' discontent to spill over into demonstrations, strikes and rallies. The Revolution is widely supported by all walks of life- merchants, oil workers, students, politicians, associations, clerics, etc.
        
        Shah flees the country in 1979 and Khomeini takes over as Supreme Leader
        
        Cultural Revolution "purifies" the new Iran from the Shah's rule and returns Iran from a secular to a religious society