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Political ideologies (Iran (authoritarianism has been the political norm…
Political ideologies
Iran
Liberalism in Iran: Prior to the 1979 Revolution, socially liberal thought (for example, women's rights) were the norm in Iran due to the policies of the Shah. This is in contrast to the authoritarian system of government that the Shah cultivated
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authoritarianism has been the political norm in iran since the overthrow of PM mossadegh. the shah continued to amass power, and this tradition of a strong, unitary government based around a leader continued into the current religious government
The Previous government funded oil expenditures in order to boost revenue yet has not remained as a socialist figure
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Nigeria
Religion: Traditional rule by religious authorities continues to be a popular religious ideology, particularly in the form of Sharia law in the mostly Muslim north.
Groups like Boko Haram have taken this affinity for religious forms of government in the Muslim majority north to an extreme, preaching militant and harsh forms of Sharia at odds with the more liberal attitudes of southern Nigeria.
Nigeria has been striving towards becoming a liberal democracy, but has difficulty due to numerous competing political ideologies, social cleavages, and other dividing lines.
The creation of publicly owned corporations (such as the state owned oil company in Nigeria) represents the continuing influence of socialist thought in Nigeria's economic policy.
Authoritarianism has long been an influential political ideology in Nigeria, as the country has spent most of its time after independence being ruled by a military government or single dictator
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Muhammadu Buhari represents one of the few peaceful transfers of power and cautious steps taken towards democratization in Nigeria, particularly symbolic due to his rule as a military dictator
Buhari's totalitarian ruling style from the 1970s and 80s has been replaced by a broader respect for human rights and dissent during his term as an elected president, but authoritarian tendencies still remain in Nigeria's political culture.
Nnami Azikiwe was the first post-independence head of Nigeria, and used the ideology of African and Nigerian nationalism to force the British colonial government to give Nigerians the right of self-governance and self-determination. Nationalism has continued to be an important binding ideology in Nigeria, where numerous social cleavages complicated the government's policy making abilities.
United Kingdom
Neoliberalism: The Thatcher era revival of classical liberal values, including low levels of government regulation, taxation, and social expenditures, in addition to focusing on individual property rights.
Decreasing support for labor unions in the 1970s led to the rise of neoliberal ideologies in the British political sphere
Religion as a political ideology in British politics: public support for socially conservative policies in line with traditional Anglican values; this tends to clash with the Catholic backgrounds of many Irish.
Socialism: The idea of providing government benefits was a key ideological line for the Labour Party from the end of WWII to the 1980s, when Thatcherism and neoliberalism became the status quo.
Liberalism: Public opinion in the UK continues to dominate politics, and the political system values connections between the government and the public
Margaret Thatcher, UK PM in the 1980s and proponent of neoliiberalism
The legacy of Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party has been jeopardized by the emergence of two competing ideologies within the party: the traditional wing, which values noblesse oblige and membership in the EU, and the Thatcherite wing of stricter conservatives.
Current prime minister Boris Johnson has characterized himself as a one-nation Tory, valuing noblesse oblige and public opinion over stricter conservativism.
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Third Way: A newer political ideology that has emerged is the "Third Way", which encouraged compromise and a moderation of both the socialist oriented welfare policies of the Labour Party and the neoliberal ideas of the Conservatives.
Former UK PM Tony Blair, a Third Way politician
Russia
Oligarchy: After the dissolution of the communist USSR, Russia became an oligarchy, with a small pool of advisers and businesses owners holding most of the power.
In post communist Russia, the Putin sponsored ideology of "Russian conservatism" (which most oligarchs follow due to Russia's authoritarian nature) focuses on rebuilding Russian national security and its international presence.
Current President Vladimir Putin, who has continued to promote authoritarian thought
Communism: During the days of the USSR, the communist party controlled all aspects of life - from economic policy to social interactions.
Vladimir Lenin: the ideologue who developed a communist state was based on the principle of democratic centralism (making decisions together, but suppressing dissent)
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Bolshevikism (the Leninist sponsored form of communism) was pitted against classical liberalism between the February and October Revolutions of 1917.
The liberal provisional Russian government, which intended to become a republic in the mold of other European states, was headed by Alexander Kerensky.
Totalitarianism: Complete, invasive form of strong-man rule more brutal than the traditional regime under the Tsars of Russia.
Joseph Stalin, who converted the Russian government from the democratic centralist and Marxist Leninist state to a more brutal, totalitarian state.
Stalin's concentration of power illustrated two competing ideologies at the start of communist Russia - the focus on building Russia's power and industry, and the more traditional Marxist Leninist focus on workers' rights.
China
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While China was initially described as a "New Democracy" Mao Zedong overtook the nation with a dictatorial democracy
Limitations in China include freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion, etc.
Mao Zedong launched a campaign to reconstruct the country from an agrarian society to a communist state.
Mexico
Legislative Branch- constituted by a bicameral Federal Council. Divided into a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The last 1/3 of federal entities are entitled to the local assemblies.
Mexico is governed via a federal system with 31 districts/ states. Each state governs its own constitutions and has freedom to create and bypass its own laws.
Federal Executive Branch- headed by the president of Mexico, head of the government, state, and commander of the chief in the Army.
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Judicial Branch- Composed of federal and state level legal systems.The highest court in the country is the Supreme Court of Justice, situated in Mexico City and made up of 21 magistrates and five auxiliary judges
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Socialism- a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
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